Editing ISO 9000 family (section)

==Reasons for use==
The global adoption of ISO 9001 may be attributable to several factors. In the early days, the ISO 9001 (9002 and 9003) requirements were intended to be used by procuring organizations, such as contractors and design activities, as the basis of contractual arrangements with their suppliers. This helped reduce the need for subcontract supplier quality development by establishing basic requirements for a supplier to assure product quality. The ISO 9001 requirements could be tailored to meet specific contractual situations, depending on the complexity of the product, business type (design responsibility, manufacture only, distribution, servicing, etc.), and risk to the procurer. For example, the food industry combined the ISO 9000 series with [[HACCP]] as a single management system.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Catherine E |title=ISO 9000 and HACCP Systems |journal=Food and Drug Law Journal |date=1994 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=603–607 |jstor=26659453 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26659453}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrigan |first1=W.F. |title=The ISO 9000 series and its implications for HACCP |journal=Food Control |date=1993 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=105–111 |doi=10.1016/0956-7135(93)90166-L |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135%2893%2990166-L}}</ref> If a chosen supplier was weak in the controls of their measurement equipment (calibration), and hence QC/inspection results, that specific requirement would be invoked in the contract. Adopting a single quality assurance requirement also leads to cost savings throughout the supply chain by reducing the administrative burden of maintaining multiple sets of quality manuals and procedures. 

A few years later, the [[UK Government]] took steps to improve national competitiveness following the publication of a [[white paper]] on Standards, Quality and International Competitiveness, Cmd 8621,<ref>Ministry of Defence, Defence Standard 00-970 / Volume 2 / Issue 1, ''Design and Airworthiness Requirements for Service Aircraft Volume 1 - Aeroplanes Book 1 (Parts 0 to 3)''</ref> and Third-Party Certification of Quality Management Systems was born under the auspices of the National Accreditation Council of Certification Bodies (NACCB), which has become the [[United Kingdom Accreditation Service|United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS)]].

In addition to many stakeholders' benefits, several studies have identified significant financial benefits for organizations certified to ISO 9001, with an ISO analysis of 42 studies showing that implementing the standard enhances financial performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manders |first1=Basak |title=DOES ISO 9001 PAY? – ANALYSIS OF 42 STUDIES |url=https://www.iso.org/news/2012/10/Ref1665.html |website=iso.org |date=10 October 2012 |publisher=ISO |access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> Corbett ''et al.'' showed that certified organizations achieved a superior [[return on assets]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuvsud.com/en-gb/services/auditing-and-system-certification/iso-9001 |title=2024 Case Study on the Benefits of ISO 9001 |publisher=TÜV SÜD }}</ref> compared to otherwise similar organizations without certification.<ref name="Corbett, Montes-Sancho, Kirsch 2005" />

Heras ''et al.''  found similarly superior performance<ref name="Corbett, Montes-Sancho, Kirsch 2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Corbett |first1=Charles J. |last2=Montes-Sancho |first2=María J. |last3=Kirsch |first3=David A. |date=July 2005 |title=The Financial Impact of ISO 9000 Certification in the United States: An Empirical Analysis |url=https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/documents/areas/fac/dotm/bio/pdf_CC25.pdf |journal=Management Science |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=1607–16 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.1040.0358 |jstor=20110397 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |df=dmy-all |hdl=10016/7750}}</ref> and demonstrated that this was statistically significant and not a function of organization size.<ref name="eps.udg.es">{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/02656710210429618 |title=ISO 9000 registration's impact on sales and profitability: A longitudinal analysis of performance before and after accreditation |year=2002 |last1=Heras |first1=Iñaki |last2=Dick |first2=Gavin P.M. |last3=Casadesús |first3=Martí |journal=International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management |volume=19 |issue=6 |page=774|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/5118/1/IJQRM%282002%29vol19n6.pdf }}</ref> Naveha and Marcus claimed that implementing ISO 9001 led to superior operational performance in the [[Automotive industry in the United States|U.S. automotive industry]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.aap.2006.11.004 |pmid=17166474 |title=Financial performance, ISO 9000 standard and safe driving practices effects on accident rate in the U.S. Motor carrier industry |year=2007 |last1=Naveh |first1=Eitan |last2=Marcus |first2=Alfred |journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=731–42}}</ref> Sharma identified similar improvements in operating performance and linked this to superior financial performance.<ref name="Sharma2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.intacc.2005.01.011 |title=The association between ISO 9000 certification and financial performance |year=2005 |last1=Sharma |first1=Divesh S. |journal=The International Journal of Accounting |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=151–172}}</ref> Chow-Chua ''et al.'' showed better overall financial performance was achieved for companies in Denmark.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/02656710310493643 |title=Does ISO 9000 certification improve business performance? |year=2003 |last1=Chow-Chua |first1=Clare |last2=Goh |first2=Mark |last3=Wan |first3=Tan Boon |journal=International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management |volume=20 |issue=8 |page=936}}</ref> Rajan and Tamimi (2003) showed that ISO 9001 certification resulted in superior stock market performance and suggested that shareholders were richly rewarded for the investment in an ISO 9001 system.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3905/joi.2003.319536 |title=Payoff to ISO 9000 Registration |year=2003 |last1=Rajan |first1=Murli |last2=Tamimi |first2=Nabil |journal=The Journal of Investing |volume=12 |pages=71–77|s2cid=154978556 }}</ref>

While the connection between superior financial performance and ISO 9001 may be seen from the examples cited, there remains no proof of direct causation, though [[Longitudinal study|longitudinal studies]], such as those of Corbett ''et al.'' (2005),<ref name="Corbett, Montes-Sancho, Kirsch 2005" /> may suggest it. Other writers, such as Heras ''et al.'' (2002),<ref name="eps.udg.es"/> have indicated that while there is some evidence of this, the improvement is partly driven by the fact that there is a tendency for better-performing companies to seek ISO 9001 certification.

The mechanism for improving results has also been the subject of much research. Lo ''et al.'' (2007) identified operational improvements (e.g., cycle time reduction, inventory reductions) as following from certification.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liang |first1=Lo |title=The difference in the perceived benefits between firms that maintain ISO certification and those that do not |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237899982 |website=Researchgate.net |publisher=International Journal of Production Research |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> Internal process improvements in organizations lead to externally observable improvements.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/02656719710186867 |title=ISO 9000: Marketing motivations and benefits |year=1997 |last1=Buttle |first1=Francis |journal=International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=936–47}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/02656710210415703 |title=Benefits of the ISO 9000:1994 system: Some considerations to reinforce competitive advantage |year=2002 |last1=Santos |first1=Leticia |last2=Escanciano |first2=Carmen |journal=International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=321–44}}</ref> The benefit of increased international trade and domestic market share, in addition to the internal benefits such as [[customer satisfaction]], interdepartmental communications, work processes, and customer/supplier partnerships derived, far exceeds any and all initial investment.<ref name="Alcorn1995">{{cite book | last=Alcorn | first=Janice E. | title=A Collection of Papers Presented at the 55th Conference on Glass Problems: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings|volume=16|issue=2 | chapter=The Benefits of ISO 9000 Certification | publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| location=Hoboken, NJ, US | date=2008-03-26 | isbn=978-0-470-31466-1 | issn=1940-6339 | doi=10.1002/9780470314661.ch3 | pages=15–18}}</ref>