Editing Hypothalamus (section)

===Nuclei===
The hypothalamic nuclei include the following:<ref>{{cite web| website= psycheducation.org| url= http://www.psycheducation.org/emotion/pics/big%20hypothalamus.htm| title= Enlarged view of the hypothalamus |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051215094638/http://psycheducation.org/emotion/pics/big%20hypothalamus.htm |archive-date=15 December 2005| publisher= Jim Phelps |access-date= 2020-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.utdallas.edu/~tres/integ/hom3/display13_04.html |title= Emotion and the limbic system | website= utdallas.edu | publisher= Lucien T. "Tres" Thompson, [[The University of Texas at Dallas]] | access-date= 2020-02-07}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of nuclei, their functions, and the neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, or hormones that they utilize
<!--This table needs to be restructured so as to separate the functions of a nucleus from the neurochemicals and hormones that mediate them; the compounds released by a particular nucleus should probably go into another column and it should be made clear whether a compound is released onto another neuron (i.e., a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter) or into the blood stream (i.e., a hormone)-->
|-
|'''Region'''
|'''Area'''
|'''Nucleus'''
|'''Function'''<ref>{{cite book| title= Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology| vauthors = Hall JE, Guyton AC | isbn= 978-1416045748| year= 2011| publisher= Saunders/Elsevier | edition= 12th}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=8|Anterior (supraoptic)
| rowspan="2" | Preoptic<!--Per neurolex--> || [[Preoptic area|Preoptic nucleus]] ||
* [[Thermoregulation]]
|-
|[[Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus]]
|[[Sleep]]
|-
|rowspan=5|Medial
| [[Medial preoptic nucleus]] ||
* Regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the adenohypophysis
* Contains the [[sexually dimorphic nucleus]], which releases GnRH, differential development between sexes is based upon in utero testosterone levels
* Thermoregulation<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshida K, Li X, Cano G, Lazarus M, Saper CB | title = Parallel preoptic pathways for thermoregulation | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 29 | issue = 38 | pages = 11954–64 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19776281 | pmc = 2782675 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2643-09.2009 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Supraoptic nucleus]] ||
* [[Vasopressin]] release
* [[Oxytocin]] release

|-
| [[Paraventricular nucleus]] ||
* [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] release
* [[corticotropin-releasing hormone]] release
* [[oxytocin]] release
* [[vasopressin]] release
* [[somatostatin]] round
* [[arousal]] (wakefulness and attention)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen CR, Zhong YH, Jiang S, Xu W, Xiao L, Wang Z, Qu WM, Huang ZL | title = Dysfunctions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus induce hypersomnia in mice | journal = eLife | volume = 10 | pages = e69909 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34787078 | pmc = 8631797 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.69909 | doi-access = free | veditors  = Elmquist JK, Wong ML, Lazarus M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Z, Zhong YH, Jiang S, Qu WM, Huang ZL, Chen CR | title = Case Report: Dysfunction of the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Area Induces Hypersomnia in Patients | language = English | journal = Frontiers in Neuroscience | volume = 16 | pages = 830474 | date = 2022-03-14 | pmid = 35360167 | doi = 10.3389/fnins.2022.830474 | doi-access = free | pmc = 8964012 }}</ref>
* [[appetite]]

|-
| [[Anterior hypothalamic nucleus]] ||
* [[thermoregulation]]
* [[Thermoregulation|panting]]
* [[sweating]]
* [[thyrotropin]] inhibition
|-
| [[Suprachiasmatic nucleus]] ||
* [[Circadian rhythms]]
|-
|Lateral
| [[Lateral hypothalamic nucleus|Lateral nucleus]]|| See {{Section link|Lateral hypothalamus|Function}}&nbsp;– primary source of [[orexin]] neurons that project throughout the brain and spinal cord
|-
|rowspan=5|Middle (tuberal)
|rowspan=3|Medial
| [[Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus]] ||
* [[blood pressure]]
* [[heart rate]]
* [[gastrointestinal tract|GI]] stimulation
|-
| [[Ventromedial nucleus]] ||
* [[satiety]]
* [[neuroendocrine]] control
|-
| [[Arcuate nucleus]] ||
* [[Growth hormone-releasing hormone]] (GHRH)
* [[feeding]]
* [[Dopamine]]-mediated [[prolactin]] inhibition
|-
|rowspan=2| Lateral || [[Lateral hypothalamic nucleus|Lateral nucleus]] || See {{Section link|Lateral hypothalamus|Function}}&nbsp;– primary source of [[orexin]] neurons that project throughout the brain and spinal cord
|-
| [[Lateral tuberal nuclei]] ||
|-
|rowspan=4|Posterior (mammillary)
|rowspan=2|Medial
|Mammillary nuclei (part of [[mammillary body|mammillary bodies]]) ||
* [[memory]]
|-
| [[Posterior nucleus (hypothalamus)|Posterior nucleus]] ||
* Increase [[blood pressure]]
* [[pupil]]lary dilation
* [[shivering]]
* [[vasopressin]] release
|-
| rowspan=2 | Lateral
| [[Lateral hypothalamic nucleus|Lateral nucleus]] || See {{Section link|Lateral hypothalamus|Function}}&nbsp;– primary source of [[orexin]] neurons that project throughout the brain and spinal cord
|-
| [[Tuberomammillary nucleus]]<ref name="Histamine pathways">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors= Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher= McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 175–176 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin | quote = Within the brain, histamine is synthesized exclusively by neurons with their cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) that lies within the posterior hypothalamus. There are approximately 64000 histaminergic neurons per side in humans. These cells project throughout the brain and spinal cord. Areas that receive especially dense projections include the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. &nbsp;... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of sleep and arousal, histamine is also involved in learning and memory&nbsp;... It also appears that histamine is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance.}}</ref> <!--Per neurolex and ref for this entry-->||
* [[arousal]] (wakefulness and attention)
* feeding and [[energy balance (biology)|energy balance]]
* learning
* memory
* [[sleep]]
|}

<gallery>
File:HIGHPVN.jpg|Cross-section of the monkey hypothalamus displays two of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled third ventricle.
File:HypothalamicNuclei.PNG|Hypothalamic nuclei <!--Symbols: AC: anterior commissure PO: preoptic nucleus SC: suprachiasmatic nucleus OC: optic chiasma TC: tuber cinereum AP: anterior pituitary IN: infundibulum PP: posterior pituitary ME: median eminence AH: anterior hypothalamic nucleus SO: supraoptic nucleus TH: thalamus PV: paraventricular nucleus (not to be confused with periventricular nucleus, which is not shown) DM: dorsomedial nucleus VM: ventromedial nucleus AR: arcuate nucleus (associated with periventricular nucleus, which is not shown) LT: lateral nucleus PN: posterior nucleus MB: mamillary body-->
File:3D-Hypothalamus.JPG|Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction<ref>Brain Research Bulletin 35:323–327, 1994</ref>
</gallery>