Editing Hyperion (Titan) (section)

== Mythology ==
Hyperion is one of the twelve or thirteen [[Titans]], the children of [[Gaia]] and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]. In the ''[[Theogony]]'', Uranus imprisoned all the children that Gaia bore him, before he was overthrown.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D139 155]</ref> According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], Uranus only imprisoned the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes but not the Titans, until Gaia persuaded her six Titan sons to overthrow their father Uranus and "they, all but Ocean, attacked him" as Cronus castrated him.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D4 1.1.4]</ref> Afterwards, in the words of [[Hesiod]], Hyperion subjected his sister [[Theia]] to his love, and fathered three children with her, who became the lights of heaven: [[Helios]] (Sun), [[Selene]] (Moon), and [[Eos]] (Dawn). As is the case for most of the Titans, there are no myths or functions for Hyperion.<ref>Gantz, p. 30; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA43 p. 43].</ref> He seems to exist only to provide a father for the three celestial deities.<ref>Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 37], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA43 43]; West 1966, pp. 36, 157&ndash;158 (on line 18).</ref> As a Titan, one of the oldest generation of gods, Hyperion was a fitting father for these three sky-gods who, as elements of the natural world, must have been conceived of as having come into being near the beginning of the cosmos.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 p. 37].</ref>

=== Helios ===
Hyperion and Helios were both [[sun-god]]s. Early sources sometimes present the two as distinct personages, with Hyperion being the father of Helios, but sometimes they were apparently identified, with "Hyperion" being simply a title of, or another name for, Helios himself.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA32 p. 32]; Gantz, p. 30; Tripp, s.v. Hyperion.</ref> Hyperion is Helios' father in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', and the [[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Demeter]].<ref>Gantz, p. 30; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.153-12.191 12.176]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403 371&ndash;374], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1003 1011]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 26], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:40-86 74].</ref> But in the ''[[Iliad]]'' and elsewhere in the ''Odyssey'', Helios is also called "Helios Hyperion" with "Hyperion" here being used either as a patronymic or as an other epithet. In the Homeric epics, and in the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'', besides being called "Helios", Hyperion is sometimes also called simply "Hyperion".<ref>Gantz, p. 30. Helios called Helios Hyperion: [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511 8.480], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 1.8], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.111-12.152 12.133], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.234-12.276 12.263], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.327-12.363 346], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.364-12.396 374]; called simply Hyperion: [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.387 19.398], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 1.24]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to [[Apollo]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:349-396 369].</ref> In later sources the two sun-gods are distinctly father and son.<ref>Gantz, p. 30; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/eumelus-epic_testimonia_fragments/2003/pb_LCL497.237.xml?rskey=Vk0mWE&result=2 fr. 17 West]; [[Mimnermus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/mimnermus-fragments/1999/pb_LCL258.91.xml?mainRsKey=HG9VvP&result=1&rskey=1b3ute fr. 12 Gerber]; [[Stesichorus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.79.xml fr. S 17 Campbell] [= 185 ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci]]'']; [[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7 7.39].</ref> In literature, the sun is often referred to as "Hyperion's bright son."<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 2 to [[Demeter]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D2%3Acard%3D1 26]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] 28 to [[Athena]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=28 14]; [[Eumelus of Corinth]], ''Corinthiaca'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=UbswDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT62 frag 18]</ref>

=== Diodorus Siculus ===
According to the rationalizing historian [[Diodorus Siculus]], Hyperion was the name of the first person to understand the movement of the sun and moon, and their effect on the seasons, and explains that, because of this, he was said to be their "father":
<blockquote>Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#67 5.67.1].</ref></blockquote>

Diodorus also recorded an unorthodox version of the myth, in which Hyperion married his sister [[Theia|Basileia]] and had two children by her, Helios and Selene; their brothers, envious of their happy issue and fearful that Hyperion would divert the royal power to himself, conspired and killed Hyperion along with his two children (which then went on to transform into the Sun and the Moon), leaving Basileia in great distress.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3D*.html#57.2 3.57.2-8]</ref>