Editing Hyksos (section)

===Etymology===
{{Infobox hieroglyphs
|title = Hyksos
|width = 230px
|name = {{center|<hiero>q\:xAst-HqA\..q\:xAst:Z2-HqA\</hiero>}}
|name transcription = ''ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣsw'' / ''ḥqꜣw-ḫꜣswt'',{{sfn|Flammini|2015|p=240}}{{sfn|Ben-Tor|2007|p=1}}<br />"heqau khasut"{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=174}}{{efn|Spelling of the hieroglyphs in sources describing the archaeological record of the historical Hyksos: first set of characters is the singular, as appearing in [[:File:Painting_of_foreign_delegation_in_the_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_circa_1900_BCE_(Detail_mentioning_"Abisha_the_Hyksos"_in_hieroglyphs).jpg|Abisha the Hyksos]] in the tomb of [[Khnumhotep II]], c.1900 BC.{{sfn|Kamrin|2009}} The second set is in the plural, as appears in the inscriptions of known Hyksos rulers [[Sakir-Har]], [[Semqen]], [[Khyan]] and [[Aperanat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sakir-Har door jamb inscription (slide 12) |work=The Second Intermediate Period: The Hyksos |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/historyofegyptone11/files/18876478.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202021123/https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/historyofegyptone11/files/18876478.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />'''"Hyksos"'''
|name explanation = ''Ruler(s) of the foreign countries''{{sfn|Flammini|2015|p=240}}
|Greek = Hyksos (Ὑκσώς)<br />Hykussos (Ὑκουσσώς){{sfn|Schneider|2008|p=305}}
|image1=Hyksos characters.jpg
|image1 description=Standard characters for "Hyksos" in the label for "[[:File:Painting_of_foreign_delegation_in_the_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_circa_1900_BCE_(Detail_mentioning_"Abisha_the_Hyksos"_in_hieroglyphs).jpg|Abisha the Hyksos]]" in the tomb of [[Khnumhotep II]], c. 1900 BC.{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}} The crook (<big>'''[[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs|𓋾]]'''</big>, ''ḥqꜣ'') means "ruler", the hill (<big>'''[[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs|𓈎]]'''</big>) is a phonetic complement q/ḳ to 𓋾 while <big>'''[[𓈉]]'''</big> stands for (foreign) "country", pronounced ''ḫꜣst'', ''plural ḫꜣswt''.<br />The sign [[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs|𓏥]] marks the plural.{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}
|}}
The term "Hyksos" is derived, via the Greek {{lang|grc|Ὑκσώς|italics=yes}} ({{lang|grc|Hyksôs|italics=yes}}), from the Egyptian expression <big>'''𓋾𓈎[[𓈉]]'''</big> ({{lang|egy|ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}} or {{lang|egy|ḥqꜣw-ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}}, "heqau khasut"), meaning "rulers [of] foreign lands".{{sfn|Flammini|2015|p=240}}{{sfn|Ben-Tor|2007|p=1}} The Greek form is likely a textual corruption of an earlier {{lang|grc|Ὑκουσσώς|italics=yes}} ({{lang|grc|Hykoussôs|italics=yes}}).{{sfn|Schneider|2008|p=305}}

The [[first century]] Jewish historian [[Josephus]] gives the name as meaning "shepherd kings" or "captive shepherds" in his ''[[Against Apion|Contra Apion]]'' (Against Apion), where he describes the Hyksos as Jews as they appeared in the Hellenistic Egyptian historian [[Manetho]].{{sfn|Mourad|2015|p=9}}{{sfn|Loprieno|2003|p=144}} "Their race bore the generic name of Hycsos, which means 'king-shepherds'. For ''hyc'' in the sacred language denotes 'king' and ''sos'' in the common dialect means 'shepherd' or 'shepherds'; the combined words form Hycsos. Some say that they were Arabians."{{sfn|Josephus|1926|p=195}}

Josephus's rendition may arise from a later Egyptian pronunciation of {{lang|egy|ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}} as {{lang|egy|ḥqꜣ-[[Shasu|šꜣsw]]|italics=yes}}, which was then understood to mean "lord of shepherds."{{sfn|Morenz|Popko|2010|pp=103–104}} It is unclear if this translation was found in Manetho; an [[Classical Armenian|Armenian]] translation of an epitome of Manetho given by the late antique historian [[Eusebius]] gives the correct translation of "foreign kings".{{sfn|Verbrugghe|Wickersham|1996|p=99}}