Editing Hoorn (section)

==History==
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical population
|align       = left
|percentages = pagr
|source      = {{Harvnb|Lourens|Lucassen|1997|pp=62–63}}
|1398|3800
|1514|5400
|1550|8000
|1622|14139
|1632|13500
|1732|12000
|1795|9551
}}
[[File:Gezicht op Hoorn van Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom 1622 Westfries Museum Hoorn.jpg|thumb|230px|{{Lang|nl|Gezicht op Hoorn}} (1622) by [[Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom]]]]
[[File:Hoorn - Blaeu 1649.jpg|thumb|230px|Map of Hoorn (1649) by [[Joan Blaeu]]]]

=== Early history ===
In the beginning of the eighth century, the threat of [[Vikings|Viking]] raids led to unrest in the [[Frisian Kingdom]], causing many people to leave their hometowns and settle elsewhere.<ref name="vdknaap"/> Following this example, Hornus – a bastard son of [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|Redbad]] – allegedly moved westward along with his companions and, in 719, built a settlement west of the river [[Vlie]], which he named after himself.<ref name="vdknaap"/> This legendary settlement did not exist for long, as it burnt down only a few years later.<ref name="vdknaap"/>

In the Late Middle Ages, the site of present-day Hoorn was a [[swamp]]y area that was not at all suitable for [[agriculture]], as opposed to the more [[Soil fertility|fertile]] inland.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="oudhoorn">{{Cite web|title=Hoorn in de Middeleeuwen|url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/bibliotheek/digitaal/hoorn_in_de_middeleeuwen/hoorn_in_de_middeleeuwen_002.php|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Vereniging Oud Hoorn}}</ref> Here, overproduction of [[dairy product]]s led to the establishment of a [[marketplace]] within the domain of [[Zwaag]], where excesses could be traded for other goods.<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This marketplace was located near a [[sluice]] in the river Gouw, which was the most convenient passage into the [[Zuiderzee]] for the surrounding villages.<ref name="oudhoorn" />

The marketplace attracted many foreign traders, most notably from [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]], who came to sell their goods (mostly [[beer]]) to the local population in return for [[butter]] and [[cheese]].<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This also brought three brothers from Hamburg to the area, who recognized its convenient location and decided to each build an [[inn]] near the marketplace to increase the sale of their beers.<ref name="chroniick">{{Cite book|last=Velius|first=Theodorus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfRjAAAAcAAJ&q=herbergen%20hoorn%201316&pg=PA11-IA20|title=Chroniick van Hoorn, daer in verhaelt werden des selven Stadts eerste begin, opcomen, en gedenckweerdige geschiedenissen, tot op den jare 1630|publisher=Isaac Willemsz.|year=1648|location=Hoorn|pages=3|language=nl}}</ref> The construction of these buildings was completed in 1316 and led to the expansion of the settlement, as more merchants from [[Northern Germany]] and [[Denmark]] now visited the place to trade.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="chroniick" /> As a result, the settlement quickly developed into a village, which was then given the name of Hoorn.<ref name="halma" /> The town officially became a city in 1357, when Hoorn was awarded [[City rights in the Low Countries|city rights]] by [[William I, Duke of Bavaria|William V]], [[Count of Holland]], after a lump sum payment of 1,550 [[Écu|schilden]].<ref name="WG-Historie" />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Cox|The exact date on which Hoorn received its city rights is debatable. At the time, each year began on [[Holy Saturday]] rather than 1 January. The original certificate states that the city rights were granted "in the year (…) 1356, on the Sunday after [[Feast of the Annunciation|Our Lady's Day]]”, which corresponds to 26 March 1357 on the [[Gregorian calendar]]. However, the same certificate also states that the city rights were granted by “[[William I, Duke of Bavaria|William]], Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Zeeland, Lord of Friesland, and {{Lang|nl|[[Heir apparent|Verbeider]]}} of Hainaut". As his title changed to Count of Hainaut when his mother, the [[Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut|Countess of Hainaut]], died on 23 June 1356, it has been argued that Hoorn must have received its city rights one year earlier, on 26 March 1356.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cox |first1=Joost C.M. |title=Stedelijke trots en stadsrechtvieringen |journal=Holland, Historisch Tijdschrift |date=2006 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=63–75 |url=http://tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/Holland2006_2web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918120322/http://tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/Holland2006_2web.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2019 |language=nl}}</ref> Nonetheless, the city of Hoorn celebrated its 600 and 650 year anniversary in 1957 and 2007 respectively.}}

=== The Dutch Revolt ===
The revolution in Hoorn occurred without bloodshed. The town’s middle classes, after a futile attempt to assert Hoorn’s wish to garrison neither the [[Army of Flanders|Spanish army]] nor the rebel [[Geuzen|Sea Beggars]], and after much debate, voted to open the city’s gates to the Beggars. By that time, Hoorn had already been flanked by the Beggar control of nearby [[Enkhuizen]] and [[Medemblik]], and many rebellious exiles from earlier troubles returned to influence the town’s politics.<ref>{{cite book |title=Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt |last=van Nierop |first=Henk |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |pages=63-67}}</ref>

=== Dutch Golden Age ===
Hoorn rapidly grew to become a major port city and a prosperous center of trade, which flourished during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, also known as the [[Dutch Golden Age]].<ref name="WG-Historie" /> It was the seat of the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|Committed Councils of West Friesland and the Noorderkwartier]] ({{Langx|nl|Gecommitteerde Raden}}) from 1573 to 1795, and the seat of the [[Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier]] from 1589 to 1795, together with [[Enkhuizen]].<ref name="WG-Historie" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Admiraliteit in het Noorderkwartier (1589-1795)|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/repertoriumambtsdragersambtenaren1428-1861/app/instellingen/88/|access-date=28 June 2020|website=Huygens ING}}</ref> Furthermore, the city was an important home base for the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC), the [[Dutch West India Company]] (WIC) and the [[Noordsche Compagnie]].<ref name="WG-Historie" />

The city's fleet plied the seven seas and returned laden with precious commodities from the [[East Indies]]. Exotic spices such as [[black pepper|pepper]], [[nutmeg]], [[cloves]] and [[mace (spice)|mace]] were sold at vast profits.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> With their skill in trade and seafaring, sons of Hoorn established the city's name far and wide. In 1619, [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (1587–1629), controversial for his violent raids in [[Southeast Asia]], "founded" the capital of the [[Dutch East Indies]], which he intended to name New Hoorn at first, though it was later decided that its name would be [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (present-day [[Jakarta]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historiek.net/jan-pieterszoon-coen-1587-1629/5545/|title=Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587-1629) – Stichter van Batavia|date=21 August 2015|website=Historiek|language=nl|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> A statue of Coen was placed on the city's central square [[Roode Steen]] in 1893.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/omstreden-standbeeld-j-p-coen-van-sokkel-gevallen~b01456ca/|title=Omstreden standbeeld J.P. Coen van sokkel gevallen|date=16 August 2011|work=De Volkskrant|access-date=17 March 2019|language=nl-NL}}</ref> In 1616, the explorer [[Willem Schouten]], together with [[Jacob Le Maire]], braved furious storms as he rounded the southernmost tip of [[South America]]. He named it {{Lang|nl|Kaap Hoorn}} ([[Cape Horn]]) in honor of his home town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netherlands-tourism.com/hoorn/|title=Hoorn|last=M|first=Jan|website=Netherlands Tourism|date=11 March 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

=== Eighteenth century to present ===
[[File:Exterieur OVERZICHT - Hoorn - 20262990 - RCE.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Roode Steen]] in 1975]]
Hoorn's fortunes declined somewhat in the eighteenth century. The prosperous trading port became little more than a sleepy fishing village on the Zuiderzee.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Following [[French period|Napoleonic occupation]], there was a period during which the town gradually turned its back on the sea.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> It developed to become a regional center of trade, mainly serving the smaller villages of West Friesland.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> Stallholders and shopkeepers devoted themselves to the sale of dairy products and seeds.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> After the introduction of [[Rail transport|railways]] and [[metalled road]]s in the late nineteenth century, Hoorn rapidly took its place as a conveniently located and easily accessible hub in the network of towns and villages of North Holland. In 1932, the [[Afsluitdijk]] was completed, and Hoorn was no longer a seaport.

The years after [[World War II]] saw a period of renewed growth.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> At the center of a flourishing [[Horticulture|horticultural]] region, the city developed a highly varied and dynamic economy.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> In the 1970s, Hoorn was designated as an "overflow" city ({{Lang|nl|groeikern}}) by the Dutch government to relieve pressure on the overcrowded [[Randstad]] region.<ref name="WG-Historie" /> As a consequence, thousands of people swapped their cramped little [[apartment]]s in Amsterdam for a family house with a garden in one of Hoorn's newly developed residential areas.<ref name="WG-Historie" />