Editing Hookah (section)

==History==
[[File:Ernst Rudolf Smoking The Hookah.jpg|thumb|upright|''Smoking the Hookah,'' a painting by [[Rudolf Ernst]]]]
[[File:Painting of Bajirao And Mastani.jpg|thumb|Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] smoking a hookah ]]
In the [[India]]n city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Roman Catholic missionaries of the [[Society of Jesus]] arriving from the [[South India|southern part]] of the country introduced tobacco to the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar the Great]] (1542–1605 AD).<ref name="Hookah India Chapman">{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal |edition=Reprint&nbsp;— Asian Educational Services 2005 |year=2005 |orig-year=1875 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |isbn=978-81-206-1887-9 |page=290 |chapter=XXVII&nbsp;— The Ruins of Futtehpore|quote=According to tradition, it was here that he received the Jesuits of Goa, who brought him the leaves and seeds of tobacco and it was a Futtehpore that Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani, one of Akbar's physicians, is supposed to have invented the hookah, the pipe of India.}}</ref> [[Louis Rousselet]] writes that the physician of Akbar, Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani {{Langx|fa|حکیم ابوالفتح گیلانی}}, then invented the hookah in India.<ref name= Sivaramakrishnan4-5>{{cite book |title= Tobacco and Areca Nut |last= Sivaramakrishnan |first=V. M |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location= [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] |isbn= 978-81-250-2013-4 | pages= 4–5|quote=The hookah is of historical interest. Portuguese merchants introduced tobacco leaves and European style pipes into Bijapur, the glittering capital of the Adil Shahi kingdom. From here, Asad Beg, the Moghul ambassador in Bijapur, took a large quantity of tobacco leaves and pipes to the Mughal court. He presented Emperor Akbar with some tobacco leaves and a jewel-encrusted European style pope. Out of courtesy and curiosity, Akbar took a few puffs, but his personal physician was worried that tobacco smoke, a hitherto totally unknown substance, might be dangerous. So, he suggested that the smoke be purified by passing it through water, before being inhaled. Thus, the hookah, or water pipe, came into being.}}</ref><ref name= Blechynden215>{{cite book |title= Calcutta, Past and Present |last= Blechynden |first= Kathleen |year= 1905 |publisher=University of California |location=Los Angeles | page= 215|quote=It is said that it was in the early years of their settlement at Hughly that the Portuguese introduced tobacco to the notice of the Emperor Akbar, and that the Indian pipe, the ''hookah'', was invented.}}</ref><ref name= RousseletLouis>{{cite book |title= India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal |url= https://archive.org/details/indiaitsnativepr00loui |last= Rousselet |first=Louis |year= 1875 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location= London | page= [https://archive.org/details/indiaitsnativepr00loui/page/290 290]|isbn= 9788120618879 |quote=According to tradition, it was here that he received the Jesuits of Goa, who brought him the leaves and seeds of tobacco; and it was at Futtehpore that Hakim Aboul Futteh Ghilani, one of Akbar's physicians, is supposed to have invented the hookah, the pipe of India.}}</ref>
However, a quatrain of [[Ahli Shirazi|Ahlī Shirazi]] (d. 1535), a Persian poet, refers to the use of the ḡalyān (Falsafī, II, p.&nbsp;277; Semsār, 1963, p.&nbsp;15), thus dating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah [[Tahmasp I|Ṭahmāsp I]]. It seems, therefore, that Abu’l-Fath Gilani should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, into India.<ref name= "iranica">{{cite web | url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- | title= ḠALYĀN | publisher= [[Encyclopedia Iranica]] | date= 15 December 2000 | access-date= 19 December 2012 | last= Razpush | first= Shahnaz | pages= 261–65 | archive-date= 27 January 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120127064634/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- | url-status= live }}</ref> There is, however, no evidence of the existence of the water pipe until the 1560s. Moreover, tobacco is believed to have arrived in India in the 17th century, until then [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] was smoked in India, so that suggests another substance was probably smoked in Ahlī Shirazi's quatrain, perhaps through some other method.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tobacco |title= Tobacco |encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher= Iranica online |date= 2009-07-20 |access-date= 2013-09-03 |archive-date= 16 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130916004125/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tobacco |url-status= live }}</ref>

Following the European introduction of [[tobacco]] to Persia and India, Hakim Abu’l-Fath Gilani, who came from [[Gilan Province|Gilan]], a province in the north of [[Persia]], migrated to Hamarastan. He later became a physician in the Mughal court and raised health concerns after smoking tobacco became popular among Indian noblemen.<ref>{{cite web|title= An Oriental Delight | work = What I learned today |url= https://medium.com/what-i-learned-today/776b63cbb110 |publisher=Medium |access-date= 21 June 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123140/https://medium.com/what-i-learned-today/776b63cbb110 |archive-date= 16 January 2014}}</ref> He subsequently envisaged a system that allowed smoke to be passed through water in order to be 'purified'.<ref name= Sivaramakrishnan4-5/> Gilani introduced the ''ḡalyān'' after Asad Beg, the ambassador of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], encouraged Akbar I to take up smoking.<ref name= Sivaramakrishnan4-5 /> Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry.<ref name= Sivaramakrishnan4-5 /><ref name= RousseletLouis />