Editing Homeschooling (section)

==History==
{{See also|History of education}}{{Globalize section|date=September 2024}}[[File:Fireside Education frontispiece.jpg|thumb|Frontispiece to ''Fireside Education'', [[Samuel Griswold Goodrich|Samuel Griswold (Goodrich)]]]]

=== Early history ===
For most of history, home-based education was common.<ref name="EoDL">A. Distefano, K.&nbsp;E. Rudestam, R.&nbsp;J. Silverman (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC&printsec=frontcover|date=2016-01-01}} (p221) {{ISBN|0-7619-2451-5}}</ref> In many cultures, home education often consisted of literacy training centered around religious texts, as well as basic math skills needed in everyday life. In past Christian-majority cultures, reading aloud, reciting, and memorizing passages from the [[Christian Bible]] and other writings was central to this practice, as well as workplace-based education such as [[apprenticeship]]s. Enlisting professional tutors was an option available only to the wealthy.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=James G. |title=Homeschooling: The History and Philosophy of a Controversial Practice |last2=Peters |first2=Shawn F. |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0226627250 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=5–6}} 

Home education and apprenticeship remained the main form of education until the 1830s.<ref name="History of Alternative Education">{{cite web|url=http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|title=History of Alternative Education in the United States|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031714/http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in the 18th century, the majority of Europeans lacked formal education.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Education |volume= 8 |last= Welton |first= James | pages = 951&ndash;989; see page 959, fourth para, last line |quote= But the total results were not great; the mass of the people in every European country remained without schooling throughout the 18th century. }}</ref> In the early 19th century, formal classroom schooling became the most common means of schooling throughout [[developed countries]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cvrcek|first1=Tomas|last2=Zajicek|first2=Miroslav|date=2019-09-01|title=The rise of public schooling in nineteenth-century Imperial Austria: Who gained and who paid?|journal=Cliometrica|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=367–403|doi=10.1007/s11698-018-0180-6|issn=1863-2513|doi-access=free}}</ref> As laws enforcing public school attendance proliferated, movements to resist such laws began to form.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|pages=16–17}}

Home education declined in the 19th and 20th centuries with the enactment of compulsory school attendance laws. However, it continued to be practised in isolated communities. What is now known as homeschooling began in the 1960s and 1970s with educational reformists dissatisfied with industrialized education.{{definition needed|date=March 2025}}<ref name="EoDL"/>

=== United States ===
Resistance to laws mandating school attendance emerged as early as the end of the nineteenth century.<ref name="valiente2022" /><ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=16}} [[Catholic]] groups in particular resisted the enforcement of Protestant ideals in public schools, as was observed in the 1844 [[Philadelphia nativist riots]]. Philadelphia's Roman Catholic bishop requested that Catholic schoolchildren be permitted to read the Catholic [[Douay bible]] in school rather than the Protestant [[King James Version]], which was granted. This decision fanned [[anti-Catholic sentiment]], sparking a rumor that Catholics were attempting to remove the Christian Bible from schools.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=16}} [[Toledo, Ohio]], minister Patrick Francis Quigley was put on trial in 1891 for resisting the requirement to report the names of students at his school, which he was principal of; he argued unsuccessfully that "the state has no right to control the education of the child."<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=16}} Resistance to mandatory schooling was sporadic throughout the 19th century as the state undertook more responsibility in protecting the [[rights of children]].

In 1913, the US [[Bureau of Education]] established the Home Education Division, an organization that worked with the National Council of Mothers and [[Parent-Teacher Association]]s to provide home curriculum materials; these were meant to supplement, not substitute, for public schooling. In the early 20th century, the headmaster of [[Baltimore]]'s [[Calvert School]], Virgil Hillyer, recognized that various students at his school were unable to attend due to ill health and began to send out lesson plans to those students' parents. The [[Calvert method]] became a popular early home curriculum. Its advertising in periodicals such as ''[[McClure's]]'' admonished parents that the curriculum was necessary to provide a proper education.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|pages=|page=26}} This form of homeschooling was targeted primarily at those who needed to educate their children at home due to ill health, and many of their materials were dispatched to hospitals.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=26}} In 1940, remote education began to be delivered via telephone.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=28}}

In the 1960s, [[Theonomy|theonomist]] [[Rousas John Rushdoony]] began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the increasingly [[secular]] nature of the [[Public school (government-funded)|public school]] system in the United States. He vigorously attacked [[progressivism|progressive]] [[school reform]]ers such as [[Horace Mann]] and [[John Dewey]] and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: ''Intellectual Schizophrenia'', ''The Messianic Character of American Education'', and ''The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum''. Rushdoony was frequently used as an expert witness by the [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] (HSLDA) in court cases. He often advocated the use of private schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edgar |first=William |title=The Passing of R. J. Rushdoony |work=[[First Things]]|access-date=2014-04-23 |date=January 2007|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404033004/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref> The HSLDA, founded in 1983, was highly successful in influencing the legal status of homeschooling in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patterson |first1=Jean |last2=Gibson |first2=Ian |last3=Koenigs |first3=Andrew |last4=Maurer |first4=Michael |last5=Whitterhouse |first5=Gladys |last6=Stockton |first6=Charles |last7=Taylor |first7=Mary Jo |title=Resisting Bureaucracy: A Case Study of Home Schooling |journal=Journal of Thought |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=73 |jstor=jthought.42.3-4.71 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jthought.42.3-4.71 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> In the 1980s, homeschooling was illegal throughout much of the United States for parents who were not themselves trained educators. Today, the United States has some of the most lax laws around homeschooling, with most states requiring little to no oversight and no educational requirements for parents.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jamison |first1=Peter |last2=Meckler |first2=Laura |date=2023-12-28 |title=Home-schoolers dismantled state oversight. Now they fear pushback. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/28/homeschooling-regulation-esa-school-choice/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>

[[Conservative Evangelical]] Christian parents were increasingly dissatisfied with the public school system and were the main demographic that organized to promote home education in the United States{{when|date=March 2025}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Talbot |first1=Margaret |title=The New Counterculture |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/11/the-new-counterculture/302341/ |website=The Atlantic |date=November 2001 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Prominent right-wing evangelical pastor and activist [[Jerry Falwell]] sought to terminate [[sex education]] and discussions of [[evolutionary biology]] from American school curricula, instead recommending replacing both topics with [[School prayer|prayer]] and [[Bible study (Christianity)|Christian Bible study]].<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=35}} The movement embraced claims by Christian parents who advocated for homeschooling, such as Raymond and Dorothy Moore.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Gina |title=Differences in Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness between Home Educated and Traditionally Educated Young Adults |journal=International Social Science Review |date=2015 |volume=90 |issue=2 |page=11 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/intesociscierevi.90.2.02 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Another influential figure associated with the rise of the homeschooling movement was [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]]. Holt believed that informal education was better than compulsory education and expressed these views in his books ''How Children Fail'' and ''How Children Learn''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaither |first1=Milton |title=John Holt |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Holt |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Holt advocated for [[unschooling]], whereby children learn without any formalized curricula or expectations.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hanes |first1=Stephanie |title=Free-range education: Why the unschooling movement is growing |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2016/0214/Free-range-education-Why-the-unschooling-movement-is-growing |website=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> As homeschooling caught on in Evangelical Christian circles, the number of children being homeschooled increased massively, with some estimates suggesting the number went from under twenty thousand in the 1970s to nearly 500,000 by the end of the 1980s.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|page=74}}

=== Germany ===
Homeschooling is heavily restricted in Germany. The history of public schooling dates back to the time of [[Martin Luther]], who called on the government to provide schooling to both boys and girls in ''To the Councilmen of all Cities in Germany'' (''An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes''), so that they might read the Bible for themselves. Today, compulsory education at school is strictly enforced in Germany and is only permitted in rare cases, such as serious illness. However, parents interested in alternative schooling may send their children to a private, independent school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stock |first=Wolfgang |date=2023-04-11 |title=Column from Germany: Why homeschooling is unnecessary in Germany |url=https://cne.news/article/3843-column-from-germany-why-homeschooling-is-unnecessary-in-germany |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Christian Network Europe |language=en}}</ref>

=== France ===
Homeschooling in France is permitted only in specific circumstances: for the child's health, for intensive artistic or sports training, for itinerant families, and for those who live too far from a school. To be granted the right to homeschool, parents must have a [[baccalauréat]] or equivalent to prove they are qualified to teach. These restrictions were introduced in September 2022, known as ''loi contre le séparatisme'': a law designed to reduce "[[Islamism|Islamist]] [[separatism]]" and enforce [[Secularism in France|secularism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanks |first=Jane |date=2022-03-23 |title=How does private education and home-schooling work in France? |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/practical/how-does-private-education-and-home-schooling-work-in-france/167766 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.connexionfrance.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-18 |title=France restricts rights of homeschooling children |url=https://cne.news/article/3627-france-restricts-rights-of-homeschooling-children |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Christian Network Europe |language=en}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
A meta-analysis of studies on homeschooling in [[Asia]] found that most homeschoolers cited religion as their reason for homeschooling.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Seo |first=Deokhee |title=Homeschooling in Asian Countries in Terms of Law, Tradition, and Habitus |date=2022 |work=International Handbook on Education Development in Asia-Pacific |pages=1–20 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Wing On |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_4-1 |access-date=2024-10-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_4-1 |isbn=978-981-16-2327-1 |editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=Phillip |editor3-last=Goodwin |editor3-first=A. Lin |editor4-last=Green |editor4-first=Andy}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
Because schools were [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|widely shut down]] during the early part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], many schools implemented [[distance education]] and online learning. This is not considered homeschooling since public schools direct students' education.<ref name="valiente2022" /> However, the onset of the pandemic triggered a massive increase in the prevalence of homeschooling. An investigation by the ''[[Washington Post]]'' estimated that the United States saw a rise of homeschooled children from 1.5 million to between 1.9 and 2.7 million, a number comparable to the number of students in [[charter school]]s or [[Catholic school]]s. This increase was far-reaching across every measured demographic category and region. This increase has led to a rise in critical interest in the impacts of homeschooling, both positive and negative.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jamison |first1=Peter |last2=Meckler |first2=Laura |last3=Gordy |first3=Prayag |last4=Morse |first4=Clara Ence |last5=Alcantara |first5=Chris |title=Home schooling's rise from fringe to fastest-growing form of education |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/interactive/2023/homeschooling-growth-data-by-district/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>

In Texas homeschooling was already growing. According to Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Census Bureau&#8217;s Household Pulse Survey Shows Significant Increase in Homeschooling Rates in Fall 2020 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/homeschooling-on-the-rise-during-covid-19-pandemic.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Census.gov |language=en}}</ref> in effort to explore the effect of COVID-19 on Texas families, the percent of families in Texas increased in 2020 going from 4.5% towards the end of the 2019-2020 school year to 12% at the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year. As stated by the Texas Tribune, data collected by the Texas Homeschool Coalition revealed that about 30,000 students across the state of Texas were withdrawn from a charter or public school and made the transition to homeschool during the spring of 2021. Which is a growth of 40% in comparison to the past year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=By Brian |date=2022-11-21 |title=More Texans turn to home schooling after the pandemic showed them what learning outside of schools could be like |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/11/21/texas-home-schooling-pandemic/#:~:text=The%20rate%20of%20Texas%20teens,1.2%25%20in%202020-2021. |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref>