Editing Holy Spirit (section)

== Abrahamic religions ==

=== Judaism ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Judaism}}
The [[Hebrew language]] phrase {{Transliteration|he|ruach ha-kodesh}} ({{Langx|he|רוח הקודש}}, "holy spirit" also transliterated {{Transliteration|he|ruaḥ ha-qodesh}}) is used in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and Jewish writings to refer to the spirit of [[YHWH]] (רוח יהוה).<ref>{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7833-holy-spirit|title=Holy Spirit}} Cf. also the term ''ruaḥ Elohim'' (Hebrew: רוח אלהים, "spirit/wind of God"). See, for example, Guy Darshan, [https://www.academia.edu/41189353/Rua%E1%B8%A5_Elohim_in_Genesis_1_2_in_Light_of_Phoenician_Cosmogonies_A_Tradition_s_History_JNSL_45_2_2019_51_78 "Ruaḥ ’Elohim in Genesis 1:2 in Light of Phoenician Cosmogonies: A Tradition's History,"] Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 45,2 (2019), 51–78.</ref> The Hebrew terms {{Transliteration|he|ruacḥ qodshəka}}, "thy holy spirit" ({{Lang|he|רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ}}), and {{Transliteration|he|ruacḥ qodshō}}, "his holy spirit" ({{Lang|he|רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ}}), also occur (when a possessive suffix is added the [[definite article]] ''ha'' is dropped).

The Holy Spirit in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts.<ref name="Encyclopedia Judaica">Alan Unterman and Rivka Horowitz, Ruah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).</ref>

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Christianity}}
For the large majority of [[Christians]], the Holy Spirit (or [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Ghost]], from Old English {{Lang|ang|gast}}, "spirit") is the third<ref name="Emery2011">{{cite book|author=Gilles Emery|title=The Trinity: An Introduction to Catholic Doctrine on the Triune God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjnangEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=978-0-8132-1864-9}}</ref> person of the Trinity: The "Triune God" manifested as [[God the Father|Father]], [[God the Son|Son]], and Holy Spirit; each Person being God.<ref name="Erickson103">{{cite book |first1 = Millard J. |last1 = Erickson |year = 1992 |title = Introducing Christian Doctrine |publisher = Baker Book House |page = 103 }}</ref><ref name="Hammond">{{cite book |first1 = T. C. |last1 = Hammond |editor1-first = David F. |editor1-last = Wright |year = 1968 |title = In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine |edition = 6th |publisher = [[Inter-Varsity Press]] |pages = 54–56, 128–131 }}</ref><ref name="Systematic_theology">Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.'' Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: [[Zondervan]]. p. 226.</ref> Two symbols from the New Testament canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian [[iconography]]: a winged dove, and tongues of fire.<ref name="Luke 3:22, NIV">''Bible'', Luke 3:22, NIV</ref><ref>''Bible'', Acts 2:3, NIV</ref> Each depiction of the Holy Spirit arose from different accounts in the [[Gospel]] narratives; the first being at the [[baptism of Jesus]] in the [[Jordan River]] where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of God the Father spoke as described in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]];<ref name="Luke 3:22, NIV"/> the second being from the day of [[Pentecost]], fifty days after [[Passover]] where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] and other followers of [[Jesus Christ]], as tongues of fire as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]],<ref>''Bible'',  {{bibleverse||Acts|2:1–31}}</ref> as promised by Jesus in his farewell discourse.<ref>''Bible'', [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+14-17&version=NRSV John 14-16]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The descent of the Dove : a short history of the Holy Spirit in the church|last=Williams|first=Charles|publisher=Faber|year=1950|location=London}}</ref> 
Called "the unveiled [[theophany|epiphany of God]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Kasemann|first=Ernst|date=1960|title=The Beginnings of Christian Theology|trans-title=W.J. Montague, New Testament Questions of Today|language=de|publisher=Philadelphia: Fortress|isbn=978-1-316-61990-2}}</ref> the Holy Spirit is the One who empowers the followers of Jesus with spiritual gifts<ref>''Bible'', I Corinthians 13:4-11, NIV</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Spirit and power|last=Wesley|first=John|page=107|date=2003|publisher=Bridge-Logos|others=Keefauver, Larry., Weakley, Clare G.|isbn=088270947X|edition=[Rev. and updated ed.]|location=Gainesville, Fla.|oclc=53143450}}</ref> and power<ref>''Bible'' [[Acts 1:8]]</ref><ref>Johnson, Bill. ''When Heaven Invades Earth''. Destiny Image, 2005</ref> that enables the proclamation of Jesus Christ, and the power that brings conviction of faith.<ref>Fee, Gordon D. (1994). "God's empowering presence: the Holy Spirit in the letters of Paul." Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="150px">
File:Spiritus Sanctus.jpg|Depiction of the Christian Holy Spirit [[Doves as symbols|as a dove]], by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], in the [[apse]] of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]
File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|A depiction of the Trinity consisting of [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|God the Holy Spirit]] along with God the Father and God the Son
File:Абраз "Сашэсце Святога Духа".JPG|Pentecost icon depicting the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and Mary in the form of tongues of flame above their heads
</gallery>

=== Islam ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Islam}}
The Holy Spirit ({{Langx|ar|روح القدس|translit=Ruh al-Qudus}}, "the Spirit of Holiness") is mentioned four times in the [[Qur'an]],<ref>[http://searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3&translator=1&search=1&start=0 Qur'an search: روح القدس.] searchtruth.com.</ref> where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The [[Muslim]] interpretation of the Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain [[Hadith]], some Muslims identify it with the angel [[Gabriel]] (Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|Jibrāʾīl}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Meant by the Holy Spirit in the Qur'an? |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Angels/fatwa_holyspirit.html |website=Islam Awareness |publisher=Sheikh Ahmad Kutty |access-date=November 14, 2018}}</ref> The Spirit ({{Lang|ar|الروح}} {{Transliteration|ar|al-Ruh}}, without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]. The belief in a "Holy Trinity", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be [[blasphemy]]. The same prohibition applies to any idea of the [[Dualistic cosmology|duality]] of [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allah]]).<ref>Griffith, Sidney H. ''Holy Spirit'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref><ref>[[Thomas Patrick Hughes]], ''A Dictionary of Islam'', p. 605.</ref>

=== Baháʼí Faith ===
{{Main|Maid of Heaven}}
The [[Baháʼí Faith]] has the concept of the ''Most Great Spirit'', seen as the bounty of [[God]].<ref name="saq">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |author-link = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |chapter-url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-25.html |chapter = The Holy Spirit |pages = 108–109 |orig-year = 1904–06 }}</ref> It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|messengers/prophets of God]] who include, among others, Jesus, [[Muhammad]] and [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name="rob1">{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = Adib |author-link = Adib Taherzadeh |year = 1976 |title = The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63 |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-270-8 |page = 10 |url = http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/p007-011Ch01.html?back=%3C }}</ref>

In Baháʼí belief, the Holy Spirit is the [[Conduit (spiritualism)|conduit]] through which the wisdom of God becomes directly associated with his messenger, and it has been described variously in different religions such as the [[burning bush]] to Moses, the [[Atar|sacred fire]] to Zoroaster, [[Baptism of Jesus|the dove]] to Jesus, the angel Gabriel to Muhammad, and the [[Maid of Heaven]] to Bahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith).<ref name="abdo">{{cite journal |journal = Baháʼí Studies Review |volume = 4 |issue = 1 |year = 1994 |title = Female Representations of the Holy Spirit in Baháʼí and Christian writings and their implications for gender roles |url = http://bahai-library.com/abdo_female_holy-spirit |first = Lil |last = Abdo }}</ref> The Baháʼí view rejects the idea that the Holy Spirit is a partner to God in the Godhead, but rather is the pure essence of God's attributes.<ref name="saq2">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |author-link = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |chapter-url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-27.html |chapter = The Trinity |pages = 113–115 |orig-year = 1904–06 }}</ref>