Editing History of radio (section)

==Exploration of optical qualities==

[[File:Refraction of Hertzian waves by a paraffin lens 1897.png|thumb|left| Early experiment demonstrating refraction of microwaves by a paraffin lens by [[John Ambrose Fleming]] in 1897]]

After their discovery many scientists and inventors experimented with transmitting and detecting "Hertzian waves" (it would take almost 20 years for the term "radio" to be universally adopted for this type of electromagnetic radiation).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earlyradiohistory.us/sec022.htm|title=Section 22: Word Origins|work=earlyradiohistory.us}}</ref> Maxwell's theory showing that light and Hertzian electromagnetic waves were the same phenomenon at different wavelengths led "Maxwellian" scientists such as John Perry, [[Frederick Thomas Trouton]] and Alexander Trotter to assume they would be analogous to optical light.<ref>W. Bernard Carlson, ''Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age'', 2013, pp. 125–126</ref><ref>Sungook Hong, ''Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion'', MIT Press, 2001, p. 2</ref>

Following Hertz' untimely death in 1894, British physicist and writer [[Oliver Lodge]] presented a widely covered lecture on Hertzian waves at the [[Royal Institution]] on June 1 of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Thread:Milestone-Proposal_talk:First_generation_and_experimental_proof_of_electromagnetic_waves_1886-1888./Hertz_milestone_proposal/reply_(6)|title=Thread:Milestone-Proposal talk:First generation and experimental proof of electromagnetic waves 1886–1888./Hertz milestone proposal/reply (6)|date=December 11, 2018|website=ETHW|access-date=December 15, 2022|archive-date=December 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213124752/https://ethw.org/Thread:Milestone-Proposal_talk:First_generation_and_experimental_proof_of_electromagnetic_waves_1886-1888./Hertz_milestone_proposal/reply_(6)|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lodge focused on the optical qualities of the waves and demonstrated how to transmit and detect them (using an improved variation of French physicist [[Édouard Branly]]'s detector Lodge named the "[[coherer]]").<ref>Hugh G.J. Aitken, ''Syntony and Spark – The Origins of Radio'', Princeton University Press – 2014, p. 103</ref> Lodge further expanded on Hertz' experiments showing how these new waves exhibited like light [[refraction]], [[diffraction]], [[polarization (waves)|polarization]], [[interference (wave motion)|interference]] and [[standing wave]]s,<ref name="Sarkar1" /> confirming that Hertz' waves and light waves were both forms of Maxwell's [[electromagnetic wave]]s. During part of the demonstration the waves were sent from the neighboring [[Clarendon Laboratory]] building, and received by apparatus in the lecture theater.<ref name="antiquewireless.org">James P. Rybak, [http://www.antiquewireless.org/uploads/1/6/1/2/16129770/48-oliver_lodge.pdf Oliver Lodge: Almost the Father of Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003074015/http://www.antiquewireless.org/uploads/1/6/1/2/16129770/48-oliver_lodge.pdf |date=2018-10-03 }}, pp. 5–6, from Antique Wireless</ref>

[[File:PSM V83 D416 Oliver Joseph Lodge.png|thumb|Oliver Lodge's 1894 lectures on Hertz demonstrated how to transmit and detect radio waves.]]

After Lodge's demonstrations researchers pushed their experiments further down the electromagnetic spectrum towards visible light to further explore the [[Quasioptics|quasioptical]] nature at these wavelengths.<ref>Jagadis Chandra Bose, Prantosh Bhattacharyya, Meher H., J.C. ''Bose and Microwaves: A Collection'', Bose Institute – 1995, p. 2</ref> [[Oliver Lodge]] and [[Augusto Righi]] experimented with 1.5 and 12&nbsp;GHz microwaves respectively, generated by small metal ball spark resonators.<ref name="Sarkar1">{{cite book
 | last1  = Sarkar
 | first1 = T. K.
 | last2  = Mailloux
 | first2 = Robert
 | last3  = Oliner
 | first3 = Arthur A.
 | title  = History of Wireless
 | publisher = John Wiley and Sons
 | date   = 2006
 | pages  = 474–86
 | url    = https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfWireless#page/n496/mode/2up
 | isbn   = 978-0471783015
 | author-link1=Tapan Sarkar
 | author-link3=Arthur A. Oliner
 }}</ref>  Russian physicist [[Pyotr Lebedev]] in 1895 conducted experiments in the 50&nbsp;GHz (6 millimeter) range.<ref name="Sarkar1" /> Bengali Indian physicist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] conducted experiments at wavelengths of 60&nbsp;GHz (5 millimeter) and invented [[waveguide (electromagnetism)|waveguide]]s, [[horn antenna]]s, and [[semiconductor]] [[crystal detector]]s for use in his experiments.<ref>Visvapriya Mukherji, Jagadis Chandra Bose, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India · 1983, chapter 5 – Researches into Hertzian Waves</ref> He would later write an essay, "Adrisya Alok" ("Invisible Light") on how in November 1895 he conducted a public demonstration at the Town Hall of [[Kolkata]], [[India]] using millimeter-range-wavelength microwaves to trigger detectors that ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance.<ref name="Mukherji, Visvapriya 1994">Mukherji, Visvapriya, ''Jagadish Chandra Bose, 2nd ed.'' 1994. Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. {{ISBN|8123000472}}.</ref>