Editing History of modern Greece (section)

==Administration of Ioannis Kapodistrias==
[[File:Kapodistrias3.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ioannis Kapodistrias]]]]

On his arrival, Kapodistrias launched a major reform and modernisation programme that covered all areas. He re-established military unity by bringing an end to the second phase of the civil war; re-organised the military, which was then able to reconquer territory lost to the Ottoman military during the civil wars;<ref name=":0" /> and introduced the first modern [[quarantine]] system in Greece, which brought diseases such as [[typhoid fever]], [[cholera]] and [[dysentery]] under control for the first time since the start of the War of Independence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thomopoulos |first=Elaine |title=The History of Greece |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37511-8 |page=71}}</ref>

Kapodistrias also negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire to establish the borders and degree of independence of the Greek state; signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans; introduced the ''[[phoenix (currency)|phoenix]]'', the first modern Greek currency; organised local administration; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the [[potato]] into Greece.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Phoenix Greek coin 1828-1833.jpg|thumb|Face and Obverse of a [[Greek phoenix|Phoenix]] coin.]]

Furthermore, he tried to undermine the authority of the traditional clans (or dynasties) that he considered the useless legacy of a bygone and obsolete era.<ref>John S. Koliopoulos, ''Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821–1912'', Clarendon Press Oxford (1987), p. 67.</ref> However, he underestimated the political and military strength of the ''capetanei'' (καπεταναίοι – captains) who had led the revolt against [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1821, and who had expected a leadership role in the post-revolution Government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koliopoulos |first=John S. |date=1987 |title=Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821–1912 |journal=Clarendon Press Oxford |page=67}}</ref> When a dispute between the captains of [[Laconia]] and the appointed governor of the province escalated into an armed conflict, he called in Russian troops to restore order, because much of the army was controlled by captains who had been part of the rebellion.

George Finlay's 1861 ''History of Greek Revolution'' records that by 1831 Kapodistrias's government had become hated, chiefly by the independent [[Maniots]], but also by the [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Roumeliotes]] and the rich and influential merchant families of [[Hydra island|Hydra]], [[Spetses]] and [[Psara]]. The customs dues of the inhabitants of Hydra were the chief source of revenue for these municipalities, and they refused to hand these over to Kapodistrias. It appears that Kapodistrias had refused to convene the National Assembly and was ruling as a despot, possibly influenced by his Russian experiences. The municipality of Hydra instructed Admiral [[Andreas Vokos Miaoulis|Miaoulis]] and [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]] to go to [[Poros]] and seize the Hellenic Navy's fleet there. This Miaoulis did so with the intention of preventing a blockade of the islands, so for a time it seemed as if the National Assembly would be called.

Kapodistrias called on the British and French residents to support him in putting down the rebellion, but this they refused to do. Nonetheless, an Admiral [[Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord|Rikord (or Ricord)]] took his ships north to Poros. Colonel (later General) Kallergis took a half-trained force of Greek Army regulars and a force of irregulars in support. With less than 200 men, Miaoulis was unable to make much of a fight; Fort Heidek on [[Bourtzi (Nafplio)|Bourtzi]] Island was overrun by the regulars and the brig ''Spetses'' (once Laskarina Bouboulina's ''Agamemnon'') sunk by Ricord's force. Encircled by the Russians in the harbor and Kallergis' force on land, Poros surrendered. Miaoulis was forced to set charges in the flagship ''Hellas'' and the corvette ''Hydra'' to blow them up when he and his handful of followers returned to Hydra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=Marshal Auguste Régnault de St-Jean d'Angely, French Philhellene, founder of the Greek Cavalry |url=https://www.eefshp.org/en/o-stratarchis-auguste-regnault-de-st-jean-d-angely-gallos-filellinas-organose-to-elliniko-ippiko/ |website=Society for Hellenism and Philhellenism}}</ref> Kallergis' men were enraged by the loss of the ships and sacked Poros, carrying off plunder to Nauplion.

The loss of the best ships in the fleet crippled the Hellenic Navy for many years, but it also weakened Kapodistrias' position. He did finally call the National Assembly, but his other actions triggered more opposition and that led to his downfall.{{Sfn|Koliopoulos|Veremis|2009|p=25}}