Editing History of Taiwan (section)

==Chinese contact and settlement==
[[File:Formosan Distribution 01.png|thumb|225px|Original geographic distributions of Taiwanese aboriginal peoples]]
[[File:Statue of Chen Di.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Chen Di]] in [[Lianjiang County]]]]
{{main|Early Chinese contact with Taiwan}}
Early Chinese histories refer to visits to eastern islands that some historians identify with Taiwan. Troops of the [[Three Kingdoms]] state of [[Eastern Wu]] are recorded visiting an island known as [[Yizhou (island)|Yizhou]] in the spring of 230.{{sfn|Knapp|1980|p=5}} Some scholars have identified this island as Taiwan while others do not.<ref>http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/HKFax/No_HK2013-41.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928040216/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/HKFax/No_HK2013-41.pdf |date=2015-09-28 }}  title夷洲问题再辨析 (PDF). [2015-09-27]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-09-28）}.</ref> The ''[[Book of Sui]]'' relates that [[Emperor Yang of Sui|Emperor Yang]] of the [[Sui dynasty]] sent three expeditions to a place called "[[Liuqiu (medieval)|Liuqiu]]" early in the 7th century.{{sfnp|Xiong|2012|p=201}} The Liuqiu described by the ''Book of Sui'' produced little iron, had no writing system, taxation, or penal code, and was ruled by a king. The natives used stone blades and practiced [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture.{{sfn|Knapp|1980|p=5}} Later the name Liuqiu (whose characters are read in Japanese as "[[Ryukyu]]") referred to the island chain to the northeast of Taiwan, but some scholars believe it may have referred to Taiwan in the Sui period.<ref name="tanaka2008">{{cite book |author=Tanaka Fumio 田中史生 |chapter=Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai |script-chapter=ja:古代の奄美・沖縄諸島と国際社会 |editor=Ikeda Yoshifumi |title=Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki |script-title=ja:古代中世の境界領域 |pages=49–70 |year=2008}}</ref>

During the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368), [[Han Chinese]] people started visiting Taiwan.{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}} The Yuan emperor [[Kublai Khan]] sent officials to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] in 1292 to demand its loyalty, but the officials ended up in Taiwan and mistook it for Ryukyu. After three soldiers were killed, the delegation immediately retreated.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lai |first1=Fu-shun |date=October 26, 2015 |title=A factual review of Taiwan's history |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2015/10/26/2003630930 |access-date=April 24, 2024 |website=Taipei Times }}</ref> Another expedition was sent in 1297. [[Wang Dayuan]] visited Taiwan in 1349 and mentioned the presence of Chuhou pottery from modern [[Lishui]], suggesting that Chinese merchants had already visited the island.{{sfn|Knapp|1980|p=7–8}}

By the early 16th century, increasing numbers of Chinese fishermen, traders and pirates were visiting the southwestern part of the island. Some merchants from [[Fujian]] were familiar enough with the indigenous peoples of Taiwan to speak [[Formosan languages]].{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}} The people of Fujian sailed closer to Taiwan in the mid-16th century to trade with Japan while evading Ming authorities. Chinese who traded in Southeast Asia also began taking an East Sea Compass Course (''dongyang zhenlu'') that passed southwestern and southern Taiwan. Some of them traded with the Taiwanese aborigines. Taiwan was referred to as ''Xiaodong dao'' ("little eastern island") and ''Dahui guo'' ("the country of Dahui"), a corruption of Tayouan, a tribe that lived on an islet near modern [[Tainan]] from which the name "Taiwan" is derived. By the late 16th century, Chinese from Fujian were settling in southwestern Taiwan. In 1593, [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] officials started issuing licenses for Chinese junks to trade in northern Taiwan, acknowledging already existing illegal trade.{{sfn|Andrade|2008d}}

Initially Chinese merchants arrived in northern Taiwan and sold iron and textiles to the aboriginal peoples in return for coal, sulfur, gold, and venison. Later the southwest became the primary destination for its mullet fish. Some fishing junks camped on Taiwan's shores and many began trading with the indigenous people for deer products. The southwestern Taiwanese trade was of minor importance until after 1567 when it was used as a way to circumvent the ban on Sino-Japanese trade. The Chinese bought deerskins from the aborigines and sold them to the Japanese for a large profit.{{sfn|Andrade|2008a}}

[[Chen Di]] visited Taiwan in 1603 on an expedition against the [[Wokou]] pirates led by Ming general Shen Yourong.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenco|first=Leigh K.|year=2020|title=Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=64|pages=17–42|doi=10.1017/S0018246X1900061X|s2cid=225283565|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tm.ncl.edu.tw/article?u=007_103_000069&lang=chn|title=閩海贈言|website=National Central Library|language=zh|pages=21–29|access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> The pirates were defeated and they met a native chieftain who presented them with gifts.{{sfn|Thompson|1964|p=178}} Chen recorded these events in an account of Taiwan known as ''Dongfanji'' (An Account of the Eastern Barbarians) and described the natives of Taiwan and their lifestyle.{{sfn|Thompson|1964|p=170–171}} Chen Di's book also indicates a substantial number of Chinese settlers who were living together with the indigenous people on Taiwan.{{sfn|Wong|2017|p=83}} Later, General Shen returned again and commanded a force to Jilong, driving off a Tokugawa shogunate expedition to seize the island.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|2017|p=84}}: "Tokugawa Ieyasu rekindled Hideyoshi's ambition of securing Taiwan for commercial interest. He sent expedition to attack Penghu and Taiwan at least twice, first in 1609 and then in 1615. In response to Japanese challenge, General Shen again led an expeditionary forces to Jilong, sank one of the Japanese battleships, and forced the Japanese to retreat"</ref>

When a Portuguese ship sailed past southwestern Taiwan in 1596, several of its crew members who had been shipwrecked there in 1582 noticed that the land had become cultivated, presumably by settlers from Fujian.{{sfn|Knapp|1980|p=10}} When the Dutch arrived in 1623, they found about 1,500 Chinese visitors and residents. A small minority brought Chinese plants with them and grew crops such as apples, oranges, bananas, watermelons.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Tonio Andrade |last=Andrade|first=Tonio |date=2007 |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=Project Gutenberg |page=116 |isbn=978-0-23112855-1 |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ }}</ref> Some estimates of the Chinese population put it at 2,000 over two villages, one of which would become Tainan. There was also a significant population of Chinese living in an aboriginal village where the villagers spoke a [[creole language]] incorporating many Chinese words.{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}}{{sfn|Andrade|2008a}}