Editing History of Macau (section)

==Portuguese settlement==
{{Main|Portuguese Macau}}
[[File:Macau in Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Macau Peninsula]], [[1635]].]]
During the [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|age of discovery]] Portuguese sailors explored the coasts of Africa and Asia. The sailors later established posts at [[Old Goa|Goa]] in 1510, and  [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered Malacca in 1511]], driving the [[Sultan Mahmud Shah|Sultan]] to the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula from where he kept making raids on the Portuguese. The Portuguese under [[Jorge Álvares]] landed at [[Lintin Island]] in the [[Pearl River Delta]] of China in 1513 with a hired junk sailing from [[Portuguese Malacca]]. They erected a stone marker at Lintin Island claiming it for the [[King of Portugal]], [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]]. In the same year, the Indian Viceroy [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] commissioned [[Rafael Perestrello]]—a cousin of [[Christopher Columbus]]–to sail to China in order to open up trade relations. Rafael traded with the Chinese merchants in [[Guangzhou]] in that year and in 1516, but was not allowed to move further.

Portugal's king [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] in 1517 commissioned a diplomatic and trade mission to Guangzhou headed by [[Tomé Pires]] and [[Fernão Pires de Andrade]]. The embassy lasted until the death of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] in [[Nanjing]]. The embassy was further rejected by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] court, which now became less interested in new foreign contacts. The Ming Court was also influenced by reports of misbehaviour of Portuguese elsewhere in China, and by the deposed Sultan of Malacca seeking Chinese assistance to drive the Portuguese out of Malacca.

In 1521 and 1522 several more Portuguese ships reached the trading island [[Tamão]] off the coast near Guangzhou, but were driven away by the now-hostile Ming authorities. Pires was imprisoned and died in Canton.

In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] in [[Tamão]] or [[Tuen Mun]] in 1521 where the Portuguese lost two ships, and [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] in [[Lantau Island]] where the Portuguese also lost two ships, and [[Shuangyu]] in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the [[Dongshan County|Dongshan Peninsula]] in 1549, where two Portuguese junks and [[Galeote Pereira]] were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as [[matchlock]] [[musket]] [[arquebus]]es which they named [[Gun control in China#History|bird guns]] and [[Breech-loading swivel gun#Use|Breech loading swivel guns]] which they named as Folangji ([[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Frankish]]) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)]] and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver [[taels]] to Ming China.<ref>p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA344 The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-521-24333-5}}</ref>

Good relations between the Portuguese and Chinese Ming dynasty resumed in the 1540s, when the Portuguese aided China in eliminating coastal pirates. The two later began annual trade missions to the offshore [[Shangchuan Island]] in 1549. A few years later, [[Lampacau]] Island, closer to the [[Pearl River Delta]], became the main base of the Portuguese trade in the region.<ref>{{citation|first= Roderich |last=Ptak|title=Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao
|journal= Mare Liberum, Revista de História dos Mares |issue= 4|year= 1992|place= Lisbon
|url=http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231338/http://www.library.gov.mo/macreturn/DATA/PP205/index.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

Diplomatic relations were further improved and salvaged by the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|Leonel de Sousa agreement with Cantonese authorities in 1554]]. In 1557, the Ming court finally gave consent for a permanent and official Portuguese trade base at Macau. In 1558, Leonel de Sousa became the second Portuguese [[governor of Macau]].

They later built some rudimentary stone-houses around the area now called Nam Van.  But not until 1557 did the Portuguese establish a permanent settlement in Macau, at an annual rent of 500 [[tael]]s (~{{convert|20|kg|lb}}) of silver.<ref name="Macau a General Introduction">{{cite book |title=Macau: a General Introduction |last=Fung |first=Bong Yin|year=1999|publisher=Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd. |location=Hong Kong |isbn=962-04-1642-2|language =zh}}</ref> Later that year, the Portuguese established a walled village there. Ground rent payments began in 1573. China retained sovereignty and Chinese residents were subject to Chinese law, but the territory was under Portuguese administration. In 1582 a land lease was signed, and annual rent was paid to Xiangshan County.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} The Portuguese continued to pay an annual tribute up to 1863 in order to stay in Macau.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CioAAAAAQAAJ&q=parthian+despatch+macao&pg=PA522|title=Dictionary of dates, and universal reference. [With]|year=1885|edition=18|page=522|quote=MACAO (in Quang-tong, S. China) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 (in return for their assistance against pirates), subject to an annual tribute, which was remitted in 1863. Here Camoens composed part of the " Lusiad."|author=Joseph Timothy Haydn|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111451/http://books.google.com/books?id=CioAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA522&dq=parthian+despatch+macao&hl=en&ei=5Kq5TomRIKiOSQLe3oWlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw|archive-date=5 June 2013|url-status=live}}(Oxford University)</ref>
[[File:Merchant from Penang in Festive Dress, Woman from Macao.JPG|thumb|220px|A Chinese official and a woman from [[Macau]], 1880.]]

The Portuguese often married [[Tanka people|Tanka]] women since Han Chinese women would not have relations with them. Some of the Tanka's descendants became [[Macanese people]]. Some Tanka children were enslaved by Portuguese raiders.<ref>Indiana University{{cite book|author=Charles Ralph Boxer|title=Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kePUAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 March 2012|year=1948|publisher=M. Nijhoff|page=224|quote=Some of these wants and strays found themselves in queer company and places in the course of their enforced sojourn in the Portuguese colonial empire. The Ming Shih's complain that the Portuguese kidnapped not only coolie or Tanka children but even those of educated persons, to their piratical lairs at Lintin and Castle Peak, is borne out by the fate of Barros' Chinese slave already|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707001922/http://books.google.com/books?ei=r-NOT8r_JoaQ0QGBhYzdDQ&id=kePUAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chinese poet [[Wu Li]] wrote a poem, which included a line about the Portuguese in Macau being supplied with fish by the Tanka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Chaves|title=Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA53|access-date=1 March 2012|edition=illustrated|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1485-1|page=53|quote=Wu Li, like Bocarro, noted the presence in Macao both of black slaves and of non-Han Chinese such as the Tanka boat people, and in the third poem of his sequence he combines references to these two groups: Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002010/http://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&pg=PA53&dq=portuguese+slave+tanka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r-NOT8r_JoaQ0QGBhYzdDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=portuguese%20slave%20tanka&f=false|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Chaves|title=Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA53|access-date=1 March 2012|edition=illustrated|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1485-1|page=54|quote=Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish&nbsp;... The second half of the poem unfolds a scene of Tanka boat people bringing in fish to supply the needs of fasting Christians.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002010/http://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&pg=PA53&dq=portuguese+slave+tanka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r-NOT8r_JoaQ0QGBhYzdDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Midnight's%20Tanka%20come%20harbor%20fasting%20noonday%20fresh%20fish%20actual&f=false|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Chaves|title=Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA53|access-date=1 March 2012|edition=illustrated|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1485-1|page=141|quote=3 Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn. Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002010/http://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&pg=PA53&dq=portuguese+slave+tanka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r-NOT8r_JoaQ0QGBhYzdDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Midnight's%20Tanka%20come%20harbor%20fasting%20noonday%20fresh%20fish%20%20holograph&f=false|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Chaves|title=Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA53|access-date=1 March 2012|edition=illustrated|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1485-1|page=53|quote=The residents Wu Li strives to reassure (in the third line of this poem) consisted – at least in 1635 when Antonio Bocarro, Chronicler-in-Chief of the State of India, wrote his detailed account of Macao (without actually having visited there) — of some 850 Portuguese families with "on the average about six slaves capable of bearing arms, amongst whom the majority and the best are negroes and such like," as well as a like number of "native families, including Chinese Christians&nbsp;... who form the majority [of the non-Portuguese residents] and other nations, all Christians." 146 (Bocarro may have been mistaken in declaring that all the Chinese in Macao were Christians.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002010/http://books.google.com/books?id=IbAjJ0B2OGoC&pg=PA53&dq=portuguese+slave+tanka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r-NOT8r_JoaQ0QGBhYzdDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=portuguese%20slave%20tanka&f=false|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>