Editing History of Kyrgyzstan (section)

==Origins of the Kyrgyz people==
{{further|Kyrgyz people}}
The [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] lived in the upper [[Yenisey River]] valley, central [[Siberia]]. Chinese sources of the 2nd century BC and Muslim sources of the 7th–12th centuries AD describe the Kyrgyz as red-haired with fair complexion and green (blue) eyes. First appearing in Chinese ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' as Gekun or [[Jiankun]] (鬲昆 or 隔昆), and later as part of the [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribes, they came under the rule of the [[Göktürks]] and [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]].
The early Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 840 AD. Then Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the [[Tian Shan]] range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. In the 12th century, however, the Kyrgyz domination had shrunk to the [[Altay Mountains|Altay]] Range and the [[Sayan Mountains]] as a result of the rising [[Mongol]] expansion. With the rise of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Plano Carpin]], an envoy of the [[Papal states]], and [[William Rubruck]], an envoy of [[France]], all wrote about their life under the Mongols. Various [[Turkic peoples]] ruled them until 1685, when they came under the control of the [[Oirats]] ([[Dzungars]]).

63% of the modern Kyrgyz men carry [[Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)]], comparable to the prevalence of the haplogroup among the [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] (64%).<ref>
[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/PNAS_2001_v98_p10244.pdf  The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208072309/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/PNAS_2001_v98_p10244.pdf |date=2006-12-08 }}). Haplogroup R1a1 is believed to be a marker of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]].
{{cite journal |last1=Keyser |first1=Christine |last2=Bouakaze |first2=Caroline |last3=Crubézy |first3=Eric |last4=Nikolaev |first4=Valery G. |last5=Montagnon |first5=Daniel |last6=Reis |first6=Tatiana |last7=Ludes |first7=Bertrand |date=May 16, 2009 |title=Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |volume= 126|issue= 3|pages= 395–410|doi= 10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0|pmid=19449030 |s2cid=21347353 |quote=R1a1 is widely spread across Eurasia. It is found among western Eurasian, southern Asian, central Asian and Siberian populations. This haplogroup is thought to trace the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans. }}</ref><ref>Zuev Yu. L., ''The strongest tribe'', p. 35-46, Almaty, 2004</ref>