Editing History of Italy (section)

===Nuragic civilization===
{{Main|Nuragic civilization|Torrean civilization}}
Born in [[Sardinia]] and [[southern Corsica]] (where it is called [[Torrean civilization]]), the [[Nuraghe]] civilization lasted from the 18th century BC to the 2nd century AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cicilloni |first1=Riccardo |last2=Cabras |first2=Marco |date=2014-12-22 |title=Aspetti insediativi nel versante oreintale del Monte Arci (Oristano -Sardegna) tra il bronzo medio e la prima età del ferro |url=https://quaderniarcheocaor.beniculturali.it/index.php/qua/article/view/116/115 |url-status=dead |journal=Quaderni |language=it |publisher=Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna |issue=25 |page=84 |issn=2284-0834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731083211/https://quaderniarcheocaor.beniculturali.it/index.php/qua/article/view/116/115 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>G. Lilliu (1999) p.&nbsp;11{{Full citation needed|reason=No such document in sources section; perhaps 1966 intended.|date=December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Belmuth |first=Miriam S. |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1950-7618-9 |editor-last=Fagan |editor-first=Brian M. |editor-link=Brian M. Fagan |volume=1: 'Ache'—'Hoho' |page=534 |chapter=Nuragic Culture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&q=Nuragic+civilization&pg=PA535}}</ref><ref name="Chesworth">{{Cite book |last1=Martini |first1=I. Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1tcUc293W8C&q=Nuragic+civilization&pg=PA166 |title=Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases |last2=Chesworth |first2=Ward |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-9-0481-9413-1 |page=169}}</ref> They take their name from the characteristic Nuragic towers, which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture, which built [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lilliu |first=Giovanni |date=2006 |title=Sardegna Nuragica |url=http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2008040218311700023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205232/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2008040218311700023.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-03 |publisher=Edizioni Maestrali}}</ref> Today more than 7,000&nbsp;nuraghes<ref>There is no complete census, but the figure of 7,000 in E. Contu, "L'architettura nuraghica", in Atzeni ''et al.'' (1985), (see {{Cite book |first1=E. |last1=Atzeni |display-authors=etal |title=Ichnussa |date=1985 |page=5}}{{Full citation needed|reason=No such ref in sources; may have meant Atzeni (1981), but no ''et al''. for that doc.|date=December 2019}}), is often repeated, and the Provincia di Cagliari website (see {{Cite web |title=Provincia di Cagliari |url=http://www.provinciadelsole.it/nuragica.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722045217/http://www.provinciadelsole.it/nuragica.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=22 November 2021}}) estimates more than 7,000.</ref> appear in Sardinia.

No written records of this civilization have been discovered,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monoja |first1=M. |title=Parole di segni, L'alba della scrittura in Sardegna |last2=Cossu |first2=C. |last3=Migaleddu |first3=M. |date=2012 |publisher=Carlo Delfino Editore |series=Sardegna Archeologica, Guide e Itinerari |location=Sassari}}</ref> apart from a few possible short epigraphic documents.<ref name="Ugas_2005">{{Cite book |last=Ugas |first=Giovanni |title=L'Alba dei Nuraghi |date=2005 |publisher=Fabula editrice |isbn=978-8-8896-6100-0 |location=Cagliari}}</ref> The only written information comes from classical literature of the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], and may be considered more mythological than historical.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perra |first=M. |title=La Sardegna nelle fonti classiche |date=1993 |publisher=S'Alvure editrice |location=Oristano}}</ref> The language (or languages) spoken in Sardinia during the Bronze Age is (are) unknown since there are no written records from the period, although research suggests that around the 8th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC the Nuragic populations may have adopted an alphabet similar to that used in [[Archaic Greek alphabets#Euboean|Euboea]].<ref name="Ug">{{Cite book |last=Ugas |first=Giovanni |title=Tharros Felix |date=2013 |publisher=Carocci |editor-last=Mastino, Attilio |volume=5 |location=Roma |pages=295–377 |chapter=I segni numerali e di scrittura in Sardegna tra l'Età del Bronzo e il i Ferro |editor-last2=Spanu, Pier Giorgio |editor-last3=Zucca, Raimondo}}</ref>