Editing History of Haiti (section)

==Spanish history (1492–1625)==
[[File:Columbus landing on Hispaniola adj.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Columbus]] landing on the island of [[Hispaniola]] in 1492.]]
[[Christopher Columbus]] established the settlement, [[La Navidad]], near the modern town of [[Cap-Haïtien]]. It was built from the timbers of his wrecked ship, the [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']], during his [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|first voyage]] in December 1492. When he returned in 1493 on his second voyage he found the settlement had been destroyed and all 39 settlers killed. Columbus continued east and founded a new settlement at [[La Isabela]] on the territory of the present-day [[Dominican Republic]] in 1493. The capital of the colony was moved to [[Santo Domingo]] in 1496, on the southwest coast of the island, also in the territory of the present-day Dominican Republic. The Spanish returned to western Hispaniola in 1502, establishing a settlement at Yaguana, near modern-day [[Léogâne]]. A second settlement was established on the north coast in 1504 called Puerto Real, near modern [[Fort-Liberté]] – which in 1578 was relocated to a nearby site and renamed Bayaja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haitiantreasures.com/HT_fort-liberte.htm |title=Fort-Liberté: A captivating Site |access-date=2010-07-01 |publisher=Haitian Treasures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527062805/http://www.haitiantreasures.com/HT_fort-liberte.htm |archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clammer |first=Paul |author2=Michael Grosberg |author3=Jens Porup |title=Dominican Republic and Haiti |pages=339, 330–333 |access-date=2010-07-01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kjde3Fmwb7IC&pg=PA340 |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-292-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/haiti/3725170/fort-liberte |title=Population of Fort Liberté, Haiti |access-date=2010-07-01 |publisher=Mongabay.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717220658/http://population.mongabay.com/population/haiti/3725170/fort-liberte |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

Following the arrival of Europeans, La Hispaniola's indigenous [[Taíno]] population was nearly [[Taíno genocide|extinguished]], in possibly the worst case of depopulation in the Americas. A commonly-accepted hypothesis attributes the high mortality of this colony in part to European diseases to which the natives had no immunity. There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492 just prior to European arrival, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Patterson |first2=Orlando |date=2020-12-23 |title=Opinion {{!}} Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/opinion/dna-caribbean-genocide.html |access-date=2020-12-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="2020 genetic2">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Daniel M. |last2=Sirak |first2=Kendra A. |last3=Ringbauer |first3=Harald |last4=Sedig |first4=Jakob |last5=Rohland |first5=Nadin |last6=Cheronet |first6=Olivia |last7=Mah |first7=Matthew |last8=Mallick |first8=Swapan |last9=Olalde |first9=Iñigo |last10=Culleton |first10=Brendan J. |last11=Adamski |first11=Nicole |date=2020-12-23 |title=A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean |url= |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=590 |issue=7844 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=7864882 |pmid=33361817}}</ref> to upwards of 750,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holguín |title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2010 |isbn=-9781412957380 |location=Thousand Oaks, CA, USA}}</ref> The Taíno population declined by up to 95% in the century after the Spanish arrival,<ref>S, Rosenbaum S. Alan. Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2018. Page 302,313.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stannard|first=David E. |year=1992|title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World|location=New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages= 261–268|url= https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan}}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=edpsychpapers|doi = 10.1080/15283480701326034|title = Us and Them: Identity and Genocide|year = 2007|last1 = Moshman|first1 = David|journal = Identity|volume = 7|issue = 2|pages = 115–135|s2cid = 143561036}}</ref><ref name="2020 genetic" >{{Cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Daniel M.|last2=Sirak|first2=Kendra A.|last3=Ringbauer|first3=Harald|last4=Sedig|first4=Jakob|last5=Rohland|first5=Nadin|last6=Cheronet|first6=Olivia|last7=Mah|first7=Matthew|last8=Mallick|first8=Swapan|last9=Olalde|first9=Iñigo|last10=Culleton|first10=Brendan J.|last11=Adamski|first11=Nicole|date=2020-12-23|title=A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean|journal=Nature|volume=590|issue=7844|language=en|pages=103–110|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2|pmid=33361817|pmc=7864882|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> to a few thousand left.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Stannard|first=David E. |year=1992|title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World|location=New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|page= 267|url= https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan}}</ref> Many authors have described the treatment of the Taíno in [[Hispaniola]] under the [[Spanish Empire]] as [[Taíno genocide|genocide]].<ref name="Thornton">{{cite book| first = Russel| last = Thornton| title = American Indian holocaust and survival : a population history since 1492| year = 1987| publisher = Norman : University of Oklahoma Press| isbn = 978-0-8061-2074-4| page = 16 |  url = https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0}}</ref>
<ref>Multiple sources:
* Sheri P. Rosenberg, "Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 16–23. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.16
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15283480701326034 David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034],
* Alexander Laban Hinton, "Critical Genocide Studies," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 4–15. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.4, p. 11
* Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56.
* Grenke, Arthur. God, greed, and genocide: The Holocaust through the centuries. New Academia Publishing, LLC, 2005. pp. 141–143, 200.
* Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Routledge, 2018. p. 302.
* Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310.
* Norman M Naimark, Genocide a world history, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2017, p. 39.
* Jones, Adam. 2006. Genocide: a comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 108–111.</ref>

A small number of [[Taíno people|Taínos]] were able to survive and set up villages elsewhere. Spanish interest in [[Hispaniola]] began to wane in the 1520s, as more lucrative [[gold]] and [[silver]] deposits were found in Mexico and South America. Thereafter, the population of Spanish Hispaniola grew at a slow pace.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The settlement of Yaguana was burnt to the ground three times in its just over a century-long existence as a Spanish settlement, first by French pirates in 1543, again on 27 May 1592; by a 110-strong landing party from a four-ship English naval squadron led by [[Christopher Newport]] in his flagship Golden Dragon, who destroyed all 150 houses in the settlement; and finally by the Spanish themselves in 1605, for reasons set out below.<ref>''Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia'' (2005). David Marley. Page 121</ref>

In 1595, the Spanish, frustrated by the twenty-year [[Dutch Revolt|rebellion of their Dutch subjects]], closed their home ports to rebel shipping from the Netherlands, cutting them off from the critical salt supplies necessary for their herring industry. The Dutch responded by sourcing new salt supplies from Spanish America, where colonists were more-than-happy to trade. Large numbers of Dutch traders/pirates joined their English and French brethren trading on the remote coasts of Hispaniola. In 1605, Spain was infuriated that Spanish settlements on the northern and western coasts of the island persisted in carrying out large-scale and illegal trade with the Dutch, who were at that time fighting a war of independence against Spain in Europe, and the English, a very recent enemy state, and so decided to forcibly resettle their inhabitants closer to the city of [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>Knight, Franklin, ''The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism'', 3rd ed. p. 54 New York, Oxford University Press 1990.</ref> This action, known as the ''Devastaciones de Osorio'', proved disastrous for the colonists; more than half of the resettled colonists died of starvation or disease, over 100,000 cattle were abandoned, and many slaves escaped.<ref>''Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic'', p. 352.</ref> Five of the existing thirteen settlements on the island were brutally razed by Spanish troops, including the two settlements on the territory of present-day Haiti, La Yaguana and Bayaja. Many of the inhabitants fought, escaped to the jungle, or fled to the safety of passing Dutch ships.<ref>''Peasants and Religion: A Socioeconomic Study of Dios Olivorio and the Palma Sola Movement in the Dominican Republic''. Jan Lundius & Mats Lundah. Routledge 2000, p. 397.</ref>

This Spanish action was counterproductive as English, Dutch, and French pirates were now free to establish bases on the island's abandoned northern and western coasts, where wild cattle were now plentiful and free. In 1697, after decades of fighting over the territory, the Spanish ceded the western
part of the island to the French, who henceforth called it Saint-Domingue. Saint-Domingue developed into a highly lucrative colony for France. Its economy was based on a labor-intensive sugar industry, which depended on vast numbers of West African slaves. Meanwhile, the situation on the Spanish part of the island deteriorated. The entire Spanish empire sank into a deep economic crisis, and Santo Domingo was in addition struck by earthquakes, hurricanes, and a shrinking population.