Editing History of Egypt (section)

== Dynastic Egypt (3150–332 BC) ==
{{Main|Ancient Egypt|History of ancient Egypt}}

=== Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom ===
{{Main|Early dynastic period of Egypt|Old Kingdom of Egypt}}

A unified kingdom was formed in 3150 BC by King [[Menes]], leading to a [[List of Egyptian dynasties|series of dynasties]] that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. [[Culture of Egypt|Egyptian culture]] flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its [[Ancient Egyptian religion|religion]], [[Art of Ancient Egypt|arts]], [[Egyptian language|language]] and customs.

[[File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Great Sphinx]] and the [[Giza pyramid complex|Pyramids of Giza]], built during the [[Old Kingdom]].]]
The [[Protodynastic Period of Egypt|first two ruling dynasties]] of a unified Egypt set the stage for the [[Old Kingdom]] period (c. 2700–2200 BC), which constructed many [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]], most notably the [[pyramid of Djoser]], constructed during the [[Third dynasty of Egypt|Third Dynasty]] and the [[Giza pyramid complex|Giza Pyramids]], constructed in the [[Fourth dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty]].

=== First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period ===
{{Main|First Intermediate Period of Egypt|Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period of Egypt}}

The [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years.<ref name = scinews/> Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh [[Amenemhat III]]. A [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|second period of disunity]] heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the [[ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|Semitic-speaking]] [[Hyksos]]. The Hyksos migrants<ref name = scinews>{{cite web|url = http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/immigrant-hyksos-dynasty-08646.html |title = Rulers of Ancient Egypt's Enigmatic Hyksos Dynasty Were Immigrants, Not Invaders|work = Sci-News.com|date = 16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0235414 | doi-access=free | title=Who were the Hyksos? Challenging traditional narratives using strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analysis of human remains from ancient Egypt | year=2020 | last1=Stantis | first1=Chris | last2=Kharobi | first2=Arwa | last3=Maaranen | first3=Nina | last4=Nowell | first4=Geoff M. | last5=Bietak | first5=Manfred | last6=Prell | first6=Silvia | last7=Schutkowski | first7=Holger | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=15 | issue=7 | pages=e0235414 | pmid=32667937 | pmc=7363063 | bibcode=2020PLoSO..1535414S }}</ref> took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at [[Avaris]]. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by [[Ahmose I]], who founded the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]] and relocated the capital from [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]].

=== New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period and Late Period ===
{{Main|New Kingdom of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Late Period of ancient Egypt}}
[[File:Starożytny_Bliski_Wschód_w_XV_wieku_p.n.e._(Ancient_Near_East_1450_B.C.).jpg|thumb|New Kingdom in the 15th century BC]]

The [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (c. 1550–1070 BC) began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an [[Power in international relations|international power]] that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire from [[Syria]] to [[Upper Nubia]]. This period is noted for some of the most well known [[Pharaoh]]s, including [[Hatshepsut]], [[Thutmose III]], [[Akhenaten]] and his wife [[Nefertiti]], [[Tutankhamun]] and [[Ramesses II]]. The first historically attested expression of [[monotheism]] came during this period as [[Atenism]], although some{{who|date=April 2019}} consider [[Atenism]] to be a form of [[monolatry]] rather than of [[monotheism]]. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later ruled and invaded by [[Ancient Libya|Libyans]], [[Kingdom of Kush|Nubians]] and [[Assyria]]ns, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105190447/http://ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm | archive-date=5 January 2009 | title=The Kushite Conquest of Egypt | publisher=Ancientsudan.org | url-status=usurped | access-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>

=== Achaemenid rule ===
[[File:Xerxes I tomb Egyptian soldier circa 470 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Egyptian soldier of the Achaemenid army, {{Circa|470 BCE}}. [[Xerxes I]] tomb relief.]]

In the sixth century BC, the [[Achaemenid Empire]] conquered Egypt.<ref name="EGYPT i">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/egypt-i |title=EGYPT i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid period |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> The entire [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt]], from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for [[Petubastis III]] and possibly [[Psammetichus IV]], was an entirely [[Persian people|Persian]]-ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings being granted the title of [[pharaoh]].<ref name="EGYPT i"/> [[Amyrtaeus]]' successful rebellion ended the first Achaemenid rule and inaugurated Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native rulers. The [[Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt|Thirtieth Dynasty]] was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch.<ref name="EGYPT i"/> It [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt|fell to the Persians again]] in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King [[Nectanebo II]], was defeated in battle.<ref name="EGYPT i"/>

=== Second Achaemenid conquest ===
The [[Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt]], also known as the Second Egyptian [[Satrap]]y, was effectively a short-living province of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crystalinks.com/dynasty31.html|title=Thirty First Dynasty of Egypt |website=CrystaLink |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref> After an interval of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned (the [[Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt|28th]], [[Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt|29th]] and [[Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt|30th dynasty]]), [[Artaxerxes III]] (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period (343–332 BC), which is called the Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crystalinks.com/Late_Period_Egypt.html|title=Late Period of Ancient Egypt |website=CrystaLink |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

A team led by [[Johannes Krause]] managed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes of 90 mummified individuals in 2017. Whilst not conclusive, because of the non-exhaustive time frame and restricted location that the mummies represent, their study nevertheless showed that these Ancient Egyptians "closely resembled ancient and modern Near Eastern populations, especially those in the Levant, and had almost no DNA from sub-Saharan Africa. What's more, the genetics of the mummies remained remarkably consistent even as different powers—including Nubians, Greeks, and Romans—conquered the empire".<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Wade | first=L. | year=2017 | title=Egyptian mummy DNA, at last | url= https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-thought-ancient-egyptian-mummies-didn-t-have-any-dna-left-they-were-wrong | journal= [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=356 | issue=6341 |page = 894 | doi=10.1126/science.356.6341.894 | pmid=28572344 }}</ref>