Editing Hindustani language (section)

==Registers==
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Register (sociolinguistics)|digraphia}}
At the spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi–Urdu, as they share a common [[Hindustani grammar|grammar]] and core vocabulary,<ref name="Basu2017">{{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Manisha|title=The Rhetoric of Hindutva|date=2017|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-14987-8|language=en|quote=Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.}}</ref><ref name="GubeGao2019"/><ref name="PeterDass2019">{{cite book|last1=Peter-Dass|first1=Rakesh|title=Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India|date=2019|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-00-070224-8|language=en|quote=Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.}}</ref><ref name="Kuiper2010"/><ref name="DelacyAhmed2005"/> they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent [[Prakrit]], literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords.<ref name="JainCardona2007">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |last2=Cardona |first2=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en |quote=The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by ''tatsama'' forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a throrough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.}}</ref> The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence.<ref name="PeterDass2019"/>
[[File:A grammar of the Hindustani language (IA dli.csl.7322).pdf|thumb|A grammar of the Hindustani language, published 1843]]
[[File:Trilingual road sign in India.png|thumb|A road sign using Hindi, Urdu, and English.]]
The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as ''Hindi–Urdu''.<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani"/> Hindustani is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the north and west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas.<ref name="siddiqi1994"/> This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rahman|first=Tariq|url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|title=From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|pages=99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu.<ref name="Ashmore1961"/>

This can be seen in the popular culture of [[Bollywood]] or, more generally, the vernacular of North Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers.<ref name="Hiro2015"/> Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (known for its usage of Urdu) and [[Varanasi]] (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different.<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani"/>

===Standard Hindi===
{{Main|Hindi}}
Standard Hindi, one of the [[official languages of India|22 officially recognized languages of India]] and the [[official language]] of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous [[Devanagari]] script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around [[Varanasi]], at the other end. In common usage in India, the term ''Hindi'' includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word ''Hindi'' include, among others:{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
# standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India (except some states such as Tamil Nadu),
# formal or official Hindi advocated by [[Purushottam Das Tandon]] and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,
# the vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India,
# the neutralized form of Hindustani used in popular television and films (which is nearly identical to colloquial Urdu), or
# the more formal neutralized form of Hindustani used in television and print news reports.

===Standard Urdu===
{{Main|Urdu}}
[[File:Zaban urdu mualla.png|thumb|The phrase ''Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla'' in [[Nastaʿlīq]]]]
Urdu is the [[national language]] and [[state language]] of Pakistan and one of the [[official languages of India|22 officially recognised languages of India]]. It is written, except in some parts of India, in the [[Nastaliq]] style of the [[Urdu alphabet]], an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by [[Dari Persian|Persian]] vocabulary and was historically also known as [[Rekhta]].
[[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|''Lashkari Zabān'' title in the Perso-Arabic script]]
As [[Dakhini]] (or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the [[Deccan]] and other parts of [[South India]], with the prestige dialect being [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] spoken in and around the capital of the [[Nizams of Hyderabad|Nizams]] and the [[Deccan Sultanates]].

Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to the 13th-14th century works of [[Amir Khusrau|Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī]], often called the "father of [[Urdu literature]]" while [[Wali Dakhni|Walī Deccani]] is seen as the progenitor of [[Urdu poetry]].

===Bazaar Hindustani===
The term ''[[bazaar]] Hindustani'', in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as ''Colloquial Hindi''{{efn|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=Rama Kant |title=Hindi: an essential grammar |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35671-8 |edition=1. publ |series=Essential grammars |location=London |pages=05 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Hindi]]: बोलचाल हिन्दी, [[Urdu]]: بول چال ہندی)}} or ''Simplified Urdu'',{{efn|<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=C. |title=Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |publisher=Heritage Publishers |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7026-162-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=09 |language=en, hi, ur}}</ref> ([[Hindi]]: आसान उर्दू, [[Urdu]]: آسان اردو)}} has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Robert D. |date=2001-01-10 |title=The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.035 |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=150 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2001.035 |issn=0165-2516}}</ref> It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.<ref>Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). ''Language in South Asia''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254. {{ISBN|1139465503}}</ref>