Editing Hey Jude (section)

==Production==

===EMI rehearsals===
Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded "Hey Jude" during the sessions for their [[The Beatles (album)|self-titled double album]], commonly known as "the ''White Album''".{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=145}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=782}} The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side.{{sfn|Hertsgaard|1996|pp=247, 251}}{{sfn|Doggett|2011|pp=44–45}} The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their [[The Beatles in India|communal trip to Rishikesh]] in the spring of 1968 to study [[Transcendental Meditation]].{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=88–89}}

The Beatles first taped 25 [[take]]s of the song at [[Abbey Road Studios|EMI Studios]] in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968,{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=145}} with [[George Martin]] as their producer.{{sfn|Womack|2014|pp=389–90}} These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at [[Trident Studios]] to utilise their [[Multitrack recording|eight-track recording machine]] (EMI was still limited to four-tracks).{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=145}} The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic [[Kenneth Womack]] describes as a "jovial" session,{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=390}} have been released on the [[The Beatles (album)#2018 50th Anniversary Edition bonus tracks|50th Anniversary box set]] of the ''White Album'' in 2018 and the ''[[Anthology 3]]'' compilation in 1996, respectively.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |first=Kevin |last=Howlett |year=2018 |title=The Beatles |title-link=The Beatles (album)#2018 50th Anniversary Box Set bonus tracks |others=[[The Beatles]] |publisher=Apple Corps Limited |type=booklet}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes |first=Mark |last=Lewisohn |author-link=Mark Lewisohn |year=1996 |title=Anthology 3 |publisher=Apple Records |location=London |title-link=Anthology 3 |others=[[The Beatles]] |type=booklet |page=14 |id=34451}}</ref>

The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled ''Music!'',{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=304}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=197}} which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain.{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=35}} This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio.{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=32}} The film shows only three of the Beatles performing "Hey Jude", as [[George Harrison]] remained in the studio control room,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=194}} with Martin and EMI recording engineer [[Ken Scott]].{{sfn|Riley|2011|p=407}}{{refn|group=nb|Released in October 1969,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=194}} the documentary was shown in UK cinemas as the opening presentation for ''[[The Producers (1967 film)|The Producers]]''.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=197}} In the United States, it was broadcast as an episode of the [[NBC]] television series ''Experiment in TV''{{sfn|Castleman|Podrazik|1976|p=260}} in February 1970.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=197}}}} During the rehearsals that day,{{sfn|Riley|2011|p=407}} Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song.{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=390}} Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal,{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=316}} which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=146}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=466}} Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period.{{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=34–35}} In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, "looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure."{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=466}} [[Ron Richards (producer)|Ron Richards]], a record producer who worked with Martin at both [[Parlophone]] and [[Associated Independent Recording]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=George |last1=Martin |author-link=George Martin |first2=Jeremy |last2=Hornsby |year=1994 |title=All You Need Is Ears |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York, NY |pages=137, 183 |isbn=0-312-11482-6}}</ref> said McCartney was "oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=783}}{{refn|group=nb|Described by [[Ian MacDonald]] as "a tense moment",{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=267fn}} this disagreement between Harrison and McCartney was recalled by the pair in a similar argument they had while filming ''[[Let It Be (1970 film)|Let It Be]]'' in January 1969,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=194}} regarding the lead guitar part on "[[Two of Us (Beatles song)|Two of Us]]".{{sfn|Sounes|2010|p=237}} Partly as a result of McCartney's criticism, Harrison briefly quit the band on 10 January.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=194}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=328}}}}

===Trident Studios recording===
The Beatles recorded the master track for "Hey Jude" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists,{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=33}} on 31 July.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=304}} Trident's founder, [[Norman Sheffield]], recalled that [[Mal Evans]], the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place "soft", consistent with the band's wishes.{{sfn|Sheffield|2013|p=15}} Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session. The line-up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal, Lennon on acoustic guitar, Harrison on electric guitar, and [[Ringo Starr]] on drums.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=146}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=198}} The Beatles recorded four takes of "Hey Jude", the first of which was selected as the master.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=146}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=198}} With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break.{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=33}} Starr soon returned – "tiptoeing past my back rather quickly", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=466}}

[[File:The former Trident Studios building, St Anne's Court, Soho, London 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|The former Trident Studios building at [[St Anne's Court]] in [[Soho]] (pictured in 2018), where "Hey Jude" was recorded]]
On 1 August, the group carried out [[Overdubbing|overdubs]] on the basic track, again at Trident. These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=194}} played by Starr.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=264}} McCartney's vocal over the long [[Coda (music)|coda]], starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as "[[Cary Grant]] on heat!"{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=33}} They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=146}} The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=264}} According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom "were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think". Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: "Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?"{{sfn|Sheffield|2013|p=18}} During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there.{{sfn|Sheffield|2013|pp=18–19}}

The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda. All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, "I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!"{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=146}} Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song;{{sfn|O'Dell|2009|pp=74–75}} one of the label's first signings, [[Jackie Lomax]], also recalled participating.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Terry |last=Staunton |title=Jackie Lomax: ''Is This What You Want?'' |magazine=[[Record Collector]] |date=July 2004 |via=[[Rock's Backpages]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 June 2015 |url=http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/jackie-lomax-is-this-what-you-want |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611024428/http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/jackie-lomax-is-this-what-you-want |url-status=live}}</ref>

"Hey Jude" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track equipment.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=198}} Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions. Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable.{{sfn|Sheffield|2013|p=20}} The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968,{{sfn|Miles|2001|pp=308, 311}} and Apple artists such as Lomax, [[Mary Hopkin]], [[Billy Preston]] and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year.{{sfn|O'Dell|2009|pp=73, 92}}{{refn|group=nb|McCartney wrote the foreword to Sheffield's 2013 biography ''Life on Two Legs'' in which he recalls his pleasure in recording the track at Trident.{{sfn|Sheffield|2013|pp=9–10}}}}

===Mixing===
Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road.<ref name="Hunt/MojoSpecial"/> The transfer of the Trident master tape to [[Acetate disc|acetate]] proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI's equipment.<ref name="Hunt/MojoSpecial"/> The issue was resolved with the help of [[Geoff Emerick]],{{sfn|Riley|2011|p=408}} whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Damian |last=Fanelli |title=Abbey Road Engineer Ken Scott Discusses Recording the Beatles' White Album, Says Sessions Were a Blast |magazine=[[Guitar World]] |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=19 June 2015 |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/interview-abbey-road-engineer-ken-scott-discusses-recording-beatles-white-album-says-sessions-were-blast |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129065902/http://www.guitarworld.com/interview-abbey-road-engineer-ken-scott-discusses-recording-beatles-white-album-says-sessions-were-blast |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road,{{sfn|Riley|2011|pp=407–08}} having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=143}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=303}} A stereo mix of "Hey Jude" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=195}}{{refn|group=nb|Writing in his 2006 memoir, Emerick says that "Obviously something at Trident had been misaligned", and the solution for "Hey Jude" was to add "massive amounts of treble [[Equalization (audio)|equalization]]".{{sfn|Emerick|Massey|2006|p=260}}}}

Musicologist [[Walter Everett (musicologist)|Walter Everett]] writes that the song's "most commented-on feature" is its considerable length, at 7:11.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=192}} Like McCartney,{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=32}} Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: "They will if it's us."<ref name="RS GreatestBeatlesSongs"/> According to [[Ken Mansfield]], Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song.{{sfn|Spizer|2003|p=34}} "Hey Jude" was one second longer than [[Richard Harris]]'s recent hit recording of "[[MacArthur Park (song)|MacArthur Park]]",{{sfn|Du Noyer|1996|p=56}} the composer of which, [[Jimmy Webb]], was a visitor to the studio around this time.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=266fn}} According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that "Hey Jude" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of "MacArthur Park".<ref>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Simpson |title=How we made MacArthur Park |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/nov/11/how-we-made-macarthur-park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217000242/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/nov/11/how-we-made-macarthur-park |archive-date=17 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|McCartney recalled that the Beatles had not planned for the coda to last four minutes, but he was "having such fun ad-libbing" that they kept the performance going.{{sfn|Sullivan|2013|p=117}}}} Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of "Hey Jude" at a party held by [[Mick Jagger]], at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of [[the Rolling Stones]]' ''[[Beggars Banquet]]'' album. The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, "reportedly ruin[ed]" the party.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=147}}

In the song's final bridge section, at 2:58, the spoken phrase "Fucking hell!" appears, uttered by Lennon.{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=391}} Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally.<ref name="Hunt/MojoSpecial"/> [[Malcolm Toft]], the mix engineer on the Trident recording,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Malcolm Toft: MTA & Trident |date=July 1994 |magazine=[[Sound on Sound]] |access-date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1994_articles/jul94/malcolmtoft.html |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622043908/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1994_articles/jul94/malcolmtoft.html |url-status=live}}</ref> recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out "Whoa!" then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off.{{sfn|Ryan|Kehew|2006|pp=488–89}}{{refn|group=nb|Toft adds: "because it had been bounced down [mixed] with the main vocal, it could not be removed. I just managed to bring the fader down for a split second on the mix to try to lessen the effect."{{sfn|Ryan|Kehew|2006|pp=488–89}}}} In his 2021 book ''[[The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present|The Lyrics]]'', however, McCartney recalls that he uttered the expletive (rather than Lennon) when he missed a piano chord.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCartney |first=Paul |title=The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present |date=2021 |publisher=Liveright |isbn=9781324091134 |page=283}}</ref>