Editing Herbert Bayer (section)

===Training and Bauhaus years===
[[File:ABayer.svg|200px|right|thumb|Herbert Bayer's 1925 experimental [[Bayer Architype|universal typeface]] combined upper and lowercase characters into a single character set.]]
Bayer apprenticed under the artist Georg Schmidthammer in [[Linz]]. Leaving the workshop to study at the [[Darmstadt Artists' Colony]], he became interested in [[Walter Gropius]]'s [[Bauhaus manifesto]]. After Bayer had studied for four years at the [[Bauhaus]]<ref name="AAA2">{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Oct. 3 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11924 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}}</ref> under such teachers as [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Paul Klee]]<ref name="AAA">{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Nov. 3-1982 Mar. 10 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11815 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}}</ref> and [[László Moholy-Nagy]], Gropius appointed Bayer director of [[printing]] and [[advertising]].

In the spirit of reductive minimalism, Bayer developed a crisp visual style and adopted use of all-lowercase, [[sans serif]] [[typeface]]s for most Bauhaus publications.<ref name="Berning">{{cite web|last1=Berning|first1=Bianca|title=Language As Design Criteria? Part II|url=http://www.alphabettes.org/language-as-design-criteria-part-ii/|website=Alphabettes|date=9 November 2012 |access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Bayer is one of several typographers of the period including [[Kurt Schwitters]] and [[Jan Tschichold]] who experimented with the creation of a simplified more phonetic-based alphabet. From 1925 to 1930, Bayer designed a geometric sans-serif titled ''Proposal for a Universal Typeface'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20081203192950/http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_bayer.htm Herbert Bayer, universal]) that existed only as a design and was never actually cast into real type.<ref name="Towards a Universal Type 1936">{{cite journal|last1=Bayer|first1=Herbert|title=Towards a Universal Type|journal=Industrial Arts|date=1936|pages=238–244|url=http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/IA/1936-10-01/edition/null/page/78|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> These designs are now issued in digital form as Bayer Universal ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182554/http://www.p22.com//products/bauhaus.html P22 Type Foundry Bauhaus Set]). The design also inspired ITC Bauhaus and [[Architype Bayer]], which bears comparison with the stylistically related typeface [[Architype Schwitters]].

In 1923 Bayer met the photographer [[Irene Bayer-Hecht]] at the first large Bauhaus exhibit in Weimar. They married in 1925, separated in 1928, had a daughter, Julia Alexandra, in 1929, and divorced in 1944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|title=Irene Bayer|website=www.bauhaus100.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-30|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184444/https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24582.html#chronology|title=Irene Bayer-Hecht {{!}} Object:Photo {{!}} MoMA|website=www.moma.org|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>