Editing Hepatology (section)

==History==
[[File:Blumberg.jpg|right|thumb|Dr. B Blumberg, awarded Nobel prize 1976 for discovery of hepatitis B virus]]
Evidence from autopsies on Egyptian [[mummies]] suggests that liver damage from the [[parasitic]] infection [[bilharziasis]] was widespread in the ancient society.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosalie David A, Contis G |title=Paleopathology on schistosomiasis in Egyptian mummies |journal=Parasitol. Today (Regul. Ed.) |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=167 |date=1996 |pmid=15275234 |doi=10.1016/0169-4758(96)80811-8}}</ref>
It is possible that the [[Greeks]] may have been aware of the liver's ability to exponentially duplicate as illustrated by the story of [[Prometheus]]. However, knowledge about liver disease in [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] is questionable. Most of the important advances in the field have been made in the last 50 years.{{When|date=December 2016}}
* In 400 BC [[Hippocrates]] mentioned [[liver abscess]] in [[aphorisms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.mb.txt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211173218/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.mb.txt|url-status=dead|title=Aphorisms.mb.txt|archive-date=11 February 2005|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[anatomist]] [[Galen]] thought the liver was the principal organ of the body. He also identified its relationship with the gallbladder and spleen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/liverpages/livergallbladderspleen.html |title=History of Liver, Gallbladder, and Spleen |access-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* Around 100&nbsp;CE [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]] wrote on jaundice<ref name="lee">{{cite book |editor=H. S.J. Lee |title=Dates in Gastroenterology: A Chronological Record of Progress in Gastroenterology over the Last Millennium (Landmarks in Medicine) |publisher=Informa Healthcare |date= 1999|isbn=1-85070-502-X }}</ref>
* In the medieval period [[Avicenna]] noted the importance of urine in diagnosing liver conditions.
* In 1770, French anatomist [[Antoine Portal]] noted bleeding due to [[oesophageal varices]],<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4|author=Moodley J|author2=Singh B|author3=Lalloo S|author4=Pershad S|author5=Robbs JV |title=Non-operative management of haemobilia |journal=The British Journal of Surgery |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1073–76 |date=2001 |pmid=11488792 |doi=10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01825.x|s2cid=8124234|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* In 1844, Gabriel Valentin showed pancreatic juices break down food in digestion.
* 1846 Justus Von Leibig discovered [[pancreatic juice]] [[tyrosine]]<ref name="lee"/>
* 1862 [[Austin Flint, 2nd|Austin Flint]] described the production of [[Coprosterol|"stercorin"]].
* 1875 [[Victor Charles Hanot]] described cirrhotic jaundice and other diseases of the liver<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/598.html |title=Victor Charles Hanot |website=Whonamedit.com |access-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* In 1958, Moore developed a standard technique for [[Canidae|canine]] [[orthotopic]] [[liver transplantation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2840.htm |title=eMedicine - History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation : Article by Beth A Carter, MD |website=Emedicine.com|access-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* The first human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr. [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] on a three-year-old male afflicted with [[biliary atresia]] after perfecting the technique on canine livers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |title=History of Liver Transplantation |access-date=8 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830002039/http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |archive-date=August 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4|author=STARZL TE|author2=MARCHIORO TL|author3=VONKAULLA KN|author4=HERMANN G|author5=BRITTAIN RS|author6=WADDELL WR |title=Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=117 |pages=659–76 |date=1963 |pmid=14100514 |pmc=2634660}}</ref>
* [[Baruch S. Blumberg]] discovered hepatitis B virus in 1966 and developed the first vaccine against it 1969. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/blumberg-autobio.html |title=Baruch S. Blumberg - Autobiography|website=Nobelprize.org |access-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* In 1989, investigators from the CDC ([[Daniel W. Bradley]]) and Chiron ([[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]) identified the hepatitis C virus, which had previously been known as non-A, non-B hepatitis and could not be detected in the blood supply.<ref name="hcvadvocate.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcvadvocate.org/hepatitis/factsheets_pdf/Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf |title=Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf |access-date=2013-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925071401/http://hcvadvocate.org/hepatitis/factsheets_pdf/Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Only in 1992 was a blood test created that could detect hepatitis C in donated blood.<ref name="hcvadvocate.org"/>

The word ''hepatology'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ἧπαρ (''hepar'') or  ἡπατο- (''hepato-''), meaning "liver", and -λογία (''-logia''), meaning "study".