Editing Henry Morton Stanley (section)

==Life in the United States==
Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at [[New Orleans]] and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader. He saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style: "Do you need a boy, sir?" The childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them.<ref name="Severin1974">{{Cite journal | title = The Making of an American Lion  | last = Severin | first = Timothy | journal= American Heritage | date = February 1974  |volume=25|issue=2 | access-date = 9 July 2018 | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/content/making-american-lion?page=5 }}</ref> Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name. Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wI8FGYHGs-QC | title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo | last=Edgerton | first=Robert | year=2002 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=0-312-30486-2 | page=35}}</ref> This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place.<ref name="Bierman1993">{{cite book|last=Bierman|first=John |title=Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DM1AAAAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-70802-0}}</ref>{{rp|27–28}} [[Tim Jeal]] goes further, and, in his biography, subjects Stanley's account in his posthumously published ''Autobiography'' to detailed analysis. Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his purported adoptive family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|31–41, esp. 34–41}}

Stanley reluctantly joined<ref name="Gallop2004">{{cite book|last=Gallop|first=Alan |title=Mr. Stanley, I Presume?: The Life and Explorations of Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFyPAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-9494-4}}</ref>{{rp|50}} in the [[American Civil War]], first enrolling in the [[Confederate States Army]]'s [[6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html |title=Primary Sources: Henry Morton Stanley: A Confederate Soldier at Shiloh, (for the 2002 PBS film ''The American Experience: Ulysses S. Grant'') |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190124/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and fighting in the [[Battle of Shiloh]] in 1862.<ref name="Arnold1998">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=James |title=Shiloh 1862: The death of innocence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3ZJvgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-85532-606-4|page=32}}</ref> After being taken prisoner there, he was recruited at [[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas, Illinois]], by its commander Colonel [[James A. Mulligan]] as a "[[Galvanized Yankees|Galvanized Yankee]]." He joined the [[Union Army]] on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness.<ref name="Gallop2004"/>{{rp|61}} After recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] in July 1864. He became a record keeper on board the {{USS|Minnesota|1855|6}}, and participated in the [[First Battle of Fort Fisher]] and the [[Second Battle of Fort Fisher]], which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], in search of greater adventures.<ref name="Gallop2004"/>{{rp|63–65}} Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy.<ref name="Brown1986">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Dee Alexander |title=The Galvanized Yankees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrhBfiB0RsC&pg=PA58|year=1986|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-6075-X|page=58}}</ref>