Editing Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (section)

==U.S. senator (1937–1944, 1947–1953) and World War II service (1944–1945)==
In November 1936, Lodge was elected to the [[United States Senate]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], defeating Democrat [[James Michael Curley]].  He served from January 1937 to February 1944.

===World War II===
Lodge served with distinction during the war, rising to the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]. During the war he saw two tours of duty. The first was in 1942 while he was also serving as a U.S. senator. The second was in 1944 and 1945 after he resigned from the Senate.{{citation needed|date = December 2014}}

The first period was a continuation of Lodge's longtime service as an Army Reserve officer. Lodge was a major in the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]. That tour ended in July 1942, when President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered congressmen serving in the military to resign one of the two positions, and Lodge, who chose to remain in the Senate, was ordered by Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]] to return to Washington. During this brief service, he led a squadron of American tankers at [[Battle of Gazala|Gazala]]; they were the first Americans to engage German troops on land in the war.<ref name="services" />

After returning to Washington and winning re-election in November 1942, Lodge went to observe allied troops serving in Egypt and Libya,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014144432/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884529,00.html "Into the Funnel"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 1942-07-42.</ref> and in that position, he was on hand for the British retreat from [[Tobruk]].<ref name="services">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014144610/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795996,00.html "For Services Rendered"], ''Time'', July 20, 1942.</ref>

Lodge served the first year of his new Senate term but then resigned his Senate seat on February 3, 1944, in order to return to active duty,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214224635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885342,00.html "Lodge in the Field"], ''Time'', February 14, 1944.</ref> the first U.S. senator to do so since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=l000394|title=Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. - Biographical Information|website=bioguide.congress.gov|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref> He saw action in Italy and France.

In the fall of 1944, Lodge single-handedly captured a four-man German patrol.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080620001210/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803309,00.html "People"], ''Time'', October 9, 1944.</ref>

At the end of the war, in 1945, he used his knowledge of the [[French language]] and culture, gained from attending school in [[Paris]], to aid [[Jacob L. Devers]], the commander of the [[Sixth United States Army Group]], to coordinate activities with the [[First Army (France)#1944–1945|French First Army]] commander, [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], and then carry out surrender negotiations with German forces in western [[Austria]].{{citation needed|date = December 2014}}

Lodge was decorated with the French [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] and [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] with palm.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111114173420/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797343-2,00.html "Reservations"], ''Time'', March 19, 1945.</ref> His American decorations included the [[Legion of Merit]] and the [[Bronze Star Medal]].

After the war, Lodge returned to Massachusetts and resumed his political career. He continued his status as an Army Reserve officer and rose to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite book |date=1975 |series=The United States and the United Nations |title=Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HH7z6E2zw0C |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1960 |title=Army, Navy, Air Force Journal |volume=97 |issue=27–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfkYAQAAMAAJ |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Army and Navy Journal Incorporated |page=785}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=1985 |title=Obituary: Henry Cabot Lodge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdEAQAAIAAJ |magazine=[[ARMY Magazine]] |volume=35 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Association of the United States Army |page=15}}</ref>

===Return to Senate and the drafting of Eisenhower===
In 1946 Lodge defeated Democratic Senator [[David I. Walsh]] and returned to the Senate. He soon emerged as a spokesman for the moderate, internationalist wing of the Republican Party. After World War II, which Lodge believed was in part caused by American isolationism, he came to advocate internationalism, saying: "The ideal of a provincial nation has given way to the realization that we have become the world's greatest power&nbsp;... World War II first taught us the value of collective security."{{sfn|Richardson|1985|p=151}}

In March 1950, Lodge sat on a subcommittee of the Government Operations Committee, chaired by Democratic Senator [[Millard Tydings]], which looked into Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s list of possibly communist State Department employees. Lodge argued in hearings that Tydings demonized McCarthy and whitewashed McCarthy's supposed discovery of security leaks at the State Department.  Lodge told Tydings:

<blockquote>Mr. Chairman, this is the most unusual procedure I have seen in all the years I have been here. Why cannot the senator from Wisconsin get the normal treatment and be allowed to make his statement in his own way,&nbsp;... and not be pulled to pieces before he has had a chance to offer one single consecutive sentence.&nbsp;... I do not understand what kind of game is being played here.<ref>Tydings hearing p.11</ref></blockquote>

In July 1950, the record of the committee hearing was printed, and Lodge was outraged to find that 35 pages were not included.<ref>''Congressional Record'', July 24, 1950, 10813-14</ref> Lodge noted that his objections to the conduct of the hearing and his misgivings about the inadequacy of vetting suspected traitors were missing,<ref>''Congressional Record'', July 24, 1950, pp 10815-19.</ref> and that the edited version read as if all committee members agreed that McCarthy was at fault and that there was no Communist infiltration of the State Department.<ref>Tydings report, p. 167</ref> Lodge stated "I shall not attempt to characterize these methods of leaving out of the printed text parts of the testimony and proceedings&nbsp;... because I think they speak for themselves."  Lodge soon fell out with McCarthy and joined the effort to reduce McCarthy's influence.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Blacklisted by History|last = Evans|first = M.Stanton|publisher = Crown Forum|year = 2007|isbn = 978-1-4000-8105-9|location = USA|pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400081059/page/444 444]|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400081059/page/444}}</ref>

In late 1951, Lodge [[Draft Eisenhower|helped persuade]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to run for the Republican presidential nomination. When Eisenhower finally consented, Lodge served as his campaign manager and played a key role in helping Eisenhower to [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1952|win the nomination]] over Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]], the candidate of the party's conservative faction.{{sfn|Richardson|1985|p=149}} Taft favored a quasi-isolationist foreign policy, being opposed to American membership in NATO and the United Nations, and Lodge wanted Eisenhower to run in order to pull the GOP away from Taft's ideology. Gossip talk of the day said that he reportedly declined an offer to be Ike's running mate.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===1952 Senate campaign===
In the fall of 1952, Lodge found himself fighting in a tight race for re-election with [[John F. Kennedy]], then a U.S. Representative. His efforts in helping Eisenhower caused Lodge to neglect his own campaign. In addition, some of Taft's supporters in Massachusetts defected from Lodge to the Kennedy campaign out of anger over Lodge's support of Eisenhower.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Whalen |first=Thomas J.|title=Kennedy versus Lodge: The 1952 Massachusetts Senate Race | year=2000 | publisher=Northeastern University Press | location=Boston, Mass.  | isbn=978-1-55553-462-2}}</ref> In November 1952 [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952|Lodge was defeated by Kennedy]]; Lodge received 48.5% of the vote to Kennedy's 51.5%. This was the second of three Senate elections contested between a member of the Republican Lodge family and a member of the Democratic Fitzgerald-Kennedy clan, after [[1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|the 1916 election between Lodge's and Kennedy's grandfathers]] and before [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|the 1962 special election between Lodge's son and Kennedy's younger brother Ted]].

Kennedy was congratulated for his victory by his dominating father, Joseph Kennedy Sr, saying at long last an Irish Catholic had humbled a scion of the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] [[Boston Brahmin]] elite, saying that this was the most satisfying of all his son's electoral victories.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}}