Editing Hengelo (section)

==History==
In what is known as the historical centre of Hengelo, archaeologists have found a camp site for hunters and gatherers, indicating that the location was inhabited during the [[Mesolithic]], between 12,000 and 5,000 years [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benerink |first=Sascha |title=Inventariserend Veldonderzoek door middel van Proefsleuven 'Oude Algemene Begraafplaats Bornsestraat', Bornsestraat 27, Hengelo, Gemeente Hengelo |publisher=SOB Research, Instituut voor Archeologisch en Aardkundig Onderzoek |year=2016 |isbn=9789461923820 |publication-place=Heinenoord |language=nl}}</ref> The area has most likely been continuously inhabited ever since. On the same site, finds from the [[Iron Age]] and [[Netherlands in the Roman era|Roman times]] have been excavated too. Different settements, moreover, existed within the current municipality. Recent archaeological research in the north of Hengelo has led to the discovery of a prehistoric [[grave field]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benerink |first=Sascha |title=Inventariserend Veldonderzoek door middel van Proefsleuven bestemmingsplan Broek Noord, Hengelo, Gemeente Hengelo |publisher=SOB Research, Instituut voor Archeologisch en Aardkundig Onderzoek |year=2011 |isbn=9789461920089 |publication-place=Heinenoord |language=nl}}</ref> as well as another settlement from Roman times, with pottery and other artefacts corresponding to the [[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ufkes |first=Adrie |title=Een raadselachtige Romeinse koepeloven uit Hengelo (Ov.) |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/Paleo-aktueel/article/download/39356/36331 |journal=Paleo-Aktueel |publisher=Groningen Institute of Archaeology (RUG) & Barkhuis Publishing |publication-date=2022 |issue=32 |pages=61–67}}</ref>  

In the mid 13th century, an estate was built, called Huys Hengelo, which existed till 1826, when it was demolished. A village grew around the estate, including a church and a cemetery. During the [[Spanish occupation of the Netherlands]], Huys Hengelo was the centre of several fights and revolts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kapitein Splinter jaagt Spanjaarden weg uit Hengelo |url=https://www.marceltettero.nl/m.tettero/Watergeuzen/Splinter.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.marceltettero.nl}}</ref> 

The municipality of Hengelo was founded in 1802, which by then consisted of a few hundred farms and agricultural workers' houses. 

Hengelo was never granted [[city rights]], as it was a village until its expansion in the 19th century during the industrial revolution. In that period, however, various landmark buildings were erected, especially the Waterstaatskerk (1839), and the [[Lambertusbasiliek]] (1890),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enschedesestraat 3, 7551 EE te Hengelo {{!}} Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed |url=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/21523 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl}}</ref> a Roman Catholic [[basilica]] built in 1890 devoted to [[Saint Lambert (martyr)|Saint Lambert]].

After the construction of its railway station, in 1866,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dorman |first1=Ewout |title=Cltuurhistorische waardestelling Station Hengelo |last2=Pronkhorst |first2=Annuska |last3=(Crimson Architectural Historians) |publisher=NS Stations, Vastgoed en Ontwikkeling |year=2017}}</ref> industrial development accelerated, with a focus on technology: [[Stork B.V.]], Hazemeyer, [[:nl:N.V. Heemaf|N.V. Heemaf]] (now part of France's [[Alstom]], [[Brush HMA]], Brush-Barclay, [[Eaton Corporation]], [[Essent]], Heemaf BV, [[Vattenfall]], and [[Wabtec]]), KHZ (now [[AkzoNobel]]), and [[Hollandse Signaal Apparaten]] (now part of the [[Thales Group]]). Especially Stork played an important role in the development of Hengelo, building garden village [[:nl:Tuindorp_'t_Lansink_(Hengelo)|Tuindorp 't Lansink]] (1910s), with housing for its personnel, while also contributing to building public facilities in the city centre, such as a library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historie |url=https://www.bibliotheekhengelo.nl/over-ons/historie |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Bibliotheek Hengelo |language=nl-nl}}</ref> 

Hengelo was also the home town of [[Hengelo Bier]], a local brewery. Nowadays, the beer brand [[:nds-nl:Twents Bier|Twents]] is produced in Hengelo, brewed by De [[:nl:Twentse Bierbrouwerij|Twentse Bierbrouwerij]]. This brewery was founded in 2007 and was, until 2019, located in the monumental factory complex Hazemeijer.<ref>[[:nl:Twentse Bierbrouwerij]]</ref>

During [[World War II]], the city was bombed by the Allies because of the presence of the railways and the war industry activities of local factories that served the occupier. The heart of the town was accidentally destroyed during the bombing of Hengelo on 6 and 7 October 1944, killing several hundreds of people.

In addition, after World War II, the synagogue that had survived the war, an entire block called De Telgen, a monastery at the Thiemsbrug, the farm dating from the 17th century where [[Wolter ten Cate]] was born, and the 19th-century town hall, were all demolished. This has also left the city without much of an historical centre. However, the reconstruction plan of Hengelo, including its [[:nl:Stadhuis_van_Hengelo|town hall]] (1958-1963, J. F. Berghoef), received critical acclaim and is nowadays considered as an important example of post-war city planning in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerie van Onderwijs |first=Cultuur en Wetenschap |date=2016-01-01 |title=Hengelo binnenstad: een toonbeeld van wederopbouw - Publicatie - Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed |url=https://www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2016/01/01/hengelo-binnenstad-een-toonbeeld-van-wederopbouw |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.cultureelerfgoed.nl |language=nl-NL}}</ref> By extension, Hengelo also became a reference for modern architecture, with innovative housing designs, such as Klein Driene I & II (1945-1965, C. Pouderoyen & W.R. van Couwelaar ),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Hoeven |first=Marlijn |title=Hengelo Klein Driene I & II: Toonbeeld van de wederopbouw |publisher=Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed |location=Amersfoort |publication-date=2016 |language=nl}}</ref> Housing Hengelose Es (1962-1968, [[Jo van den Broek|Van den Broek]] & [[Jaap Bakema|Bakema]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=architectureguide.nl - Urban Design Hengelose Es, Van den Broek & Bakema, Hengelo |url=http://www.architectureguide.nl/project/list_projects_of_architect/arc_id/48/prj_id/568 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.architectureguide.nl}}</ref> and De Kasbah (1969-1973, [[Piet Blom]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=architectureguide.nl - Housing De Kasbah, Piet Blom, Hengelo |url=http://www.architectureguide.nl/project/item/prj_id/567 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.architectureguide.nl}}</ref>