Editing Heinrich Bullinger (section)

=== Early life and studies (1504–1522) ===
Heinrich Bullinger was born to Heinrich Bullinger Sr., a priest, and Anna Wiederkehr, at [[Bremgarten AG|Bremgarten]], [[Aargau]], [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)|url=https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/heinrich-bullinger-1504-1575/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Musée protestant}}</ref> Heinrich and Anna were able to live as husband and wife, even though not legally married, because the bishop of Constance, who had clerical oversight over Aargau, had unofficially sanctioned clerical concubinage by waiving penalties against the offense in exchange for an annual fee, called a cradle tax.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Bruce |title=Architect of Reformation: An Introduction to Heinrich Bullinger, 1504-1575 |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2004 |isbn=9780801028991 |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Bruce |series=Texts and Studies in Reformation and Post-Reformation Thought |location=Grand Rapids |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Campi |editor-first2=Emidio}}</ref>{{Rp|18}} Heinrich was the fifth son and youngest of seven children born to the couple.<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Müller |first=Patrik |date=2004 |title=Bullinger the Family Man |url=https://www.der-nachfolger.ch/content/e850/e793/Annex_01_16_Engl._2004.pdf |magazine=Annex |location=Zürich |publisher=Beilage zur Reformierten Presse |pages=7 |issn=1420-9934}}</ref> The family was relatively affluent, and often hosted guests. As a small child, Bullinger survived the plague and a potentially fatal accident.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=William Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDa0DwAAQBAJ |title=The Theology of Heinrich Bullinger |date=2019-10-07 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-647-56482-1 |language=en}}</ref>

At age 11, Bullinger was sent to the St. Martin's Latin school in [[Emmerich am Rhein|Emmerich]] in the [[Duchy of Cleves]].{{NoteTag|Stephens (2019) says that Bullinger went to the Emmerich Latin School "before his fourth birthday," but he likely means "fourteenth, since Gordon (2004) says that he left at age 14. Ella (2007) puts the specific date of departure at June 11, 1516, which would make Bullinger 11.}}<ref name=":10" />{{Rp||page=54}} Though the family was wealthy by standards of the day, Bullinger's father refused to provide the boy money for food. He encouraged his son to beg for bread for three years, as he had done, and by doing so increase the boy's empathy for the poor.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp||page=55}} At St. Martin's Latin school, Bullinger studied classic texts, including [[Jerome]], [[Horace]], and [[Virgil]].<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|19}} He was also influenced by the [[Brethren of the Common Life]] and their adoption of the [[Devotio Moderna|''Devotio moderna'']], which emphasized Christian living and the reading of the Bible.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|18}}<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|19}} Due to this influence, he expressed an interest in becoming a [[Carthusian]] monk.<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|19}}

In 1519, at 14, he went to the [[University of Cologne]], where it was supposed he would prepare to follow his father into the clergy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Bruce |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/protestant-christianity-biographies/heinrich-bullinger |title=Bullinger, Heinrich (1504–1575) |work=Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World |publisher=Charles Scribner & Sons |year=2003 |isbn=9780684312002}}</ref> Although there is no evidence that Bullinger was initially aware of [[Martin Luther]]'s ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' or the [[Leipzig Debate|Leipzig Disputation]] of 1519, a year later, he had definitely been exposed to Reformation teaching. He read [[Peter Lombard]]'s ''[[Sentences]]'' and the ''[[Decretum Gratiani]]'', which led him to the [[Church Fathers|church fathers]]. Bullinger discovered that the Fathers relied more on Scripture than did Lombard and Gratian, and this discovery encouraged Bullinger to read both the Bible and Luther, including ''[[On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church|The Babylonian Captivity of the Church]]'' and ''[[On the Freedom of a Christian|The Freedom of a Christian]]''. He also read works by other Reformers, such as [[Philip Melanchthon]]'s ''[[Loci communes]]''. Now believing that salvation came through God's grace rather than through man's good works, Bullinger was converted to Protestantism.<ref name=":8" />{{Rp||pages=20–21}} Later in life, he wrote that he had also been encouraged to embrace the Reformation because of the humanist influence of two of his teachers, Johannes Pfrissemius and Arnold von Wesel.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Ives|first=Eric|title=The Reformation Experience: Living Through The Turbulent 16th Century|publisher=Lion Books|year=2012|isbn=9780745952772|pages=103–104}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Other intellectual influences on Bullinger included the humanism of [[Erasmus]] and [[Rodolphus Agricola]], the theology of the church fathers [[Cyprian]], [[Lactantius]], [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]], [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]], [[Jerome]], and [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], and the theology of [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref name=":8" />{{Rp||pages=21–22}}

In 1522, as a follower of Martin Luther, Bullinger earned his Master of Arts degree but ceased receiving the Eucharist. He also abandoned his previous intention of entering the [[Carthusian]] order.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heinrich Bullinger {{!}} Swiss religious reformer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heinrich-Bullinger|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> When he returned to Bremgarten, his family accepted his new theological views. Though Bullinger was called to lead an abbey in the [[Black Forest]], he found its monks worldly and licentious and so returned home again and spent some months reading history, the church fathers, and Reformation theology.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp||page=62}}