Editing Heat pump (section)

== History ==
Milestones:

;1748
: [[William Cullen]] demonstrates artificial refrigeration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=The often forgotten Scottish inventor whose innovation changed the world |url=https://www.thenational.scot/culture/20058191.william-cullen-time-scottish-inventor-brought-cold/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
;1834
: [[Jacob Perkins]] patents a design for a practical refrigerator using [[dimethyl ether]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bathe |first1=Greville |last2=Bathe |first2=Dorothy |title=Jacob Perkins, his inventions, his times, & his contemporaries |date=1943 |publisher=The Historical Society of Pennsylvania |page=149}}</ref>
;1852
: [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] describes the theory underlying heat pumps.<ref name="MaZo-HHP2008" />
;1855–1857
: [[Peter von Rittinger]] develops and builds the first heat pump.<ref>{{Cite book| url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2174113/an_introduction_to_thermogeology_ground_source.pdf|title=An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling|last=Banks|first=David L.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| isbn=978-1-4051-7061-1| author-link=David L. Banks|date=2008-05-06|access-date=2014-03-05|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214051/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2174113/an_introduction_to_thermogeology_ground_source.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
;1877
: In the period before 1875, heat pumps were for the time being pursued for [[Vapor-compression evaporation|vapour compression evaporation]] (open heat pump process) in salt works with their obvious advantages for saving wood and coal. In 1857, Peter von Rittinger was the first to try to implement the idea of vapor compression in a small pilot plant. Presumably inspired by Rittinger's experiments in Ebensee, Antoine-Paul Piccard from the University of Lausanne and the engineer J. H. Weibel from the Weibel–Briquet company in Geneva built the world's first really functioning vapor compression system with a two-stage piston compressor. In 1877 this first heat pump in Switzerland was installed in the [[Bex|Bex salt works]].<ref name="MaZo-HHP2008">{{Cite web |title=History of Heat Pumping Technologies in Switzerland – Texts |url=https://www.aramis.admin.ch/Texte/?ProjectID=45262 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123223806/https://www.aramis.admin.ch/Texte/?ProjectID=45262 |archive-date=2021-11-23 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.aramis.admin.ch}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Wirth |first=E. |title=Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wärmepumpe, Schweizerische Bauzeitung |date=1955 |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=sbz-002:1955:73#3306 |volume=73 |issue=52 |pages=647–650 |access-date=2021-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120111740/https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=sbz-002:1955:73#3306 |url-status=live |language=German |archive-date=2021-11-20}}</ref>
;1928
: [[Aurel Stodola]] constructs a closed-loop heat pump (water source from [[Lake Geneva]]) which provides heating for the [[Geneva]] city hall to this day.<ref name="d-ex22731">{{cite news |last=Randall |first=Ian |date=2022-07-31 |title=Heat pumps: The centuries-old system now at the heart of the Government's energy strategy |newspaper=[[Daily Express]] |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1648227/heat-pumps-centuries-old-concept-rooted-in-British-energy-strategy |access-date=2024-03-16 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2025}}
;1937–1945
: During the [[World War I|First World War]], fuel prices were very high in Switzerland but it had plenty of [[hydropower]].<ref name="MaZo-HHP2008"/>{{Rp|page=18}} In the period before and especially during the [[World War II|Second World War]], when neutral Switzerland was completely surrounded by fascist-ruled countries, the coal shortage became alarming again. Thanks to their leading position in energy technology, the Swiss companies [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer]], [[Escher Wyss & Cie|Escher Wyss]] and [[Brown, Boveri & Cie|Brown Boveri]] built and put in operation around 35 heat pumps between 1937 and 1945. The main heat sources were lake water, river water, groundwater, and waste heat. Particularly noteworthy are the six historic heat pumps from the city of Zurich with heat outputs from 100&nbsp;kW to 6&nbsp;MW. An international milestone is the heat pump built by Escher Wyss in 1937/38 to replace the wood stoves in the City Hall of Zurich. To avoid noise and vibrations, a recently developed rotary piston compressor was used. This historic heat pump heated the town hall for 63 years until 2001. Only then was it replaced by a new, more efficient heat pump.<ref name="MaZo-HHP2008"/>
;1945
: John Sumner, City Electrical Engineer for [[Norwich]], installs an experimental water-source heat pump fed central heating system, using a nearby river to heat new Council administrative buildings. It had a seasonal efficiency ratio of 3.42, average thermal delivery of 147&nbsp;kW, and peak output of 234&nbsp;kW.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985 |date=1987 |publisher=The Electricity Council. |isbn=978-0851881058 |oclc=17343802}}</ref>
;1948
: Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the first ground-source heat pump.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banks |first1=David |title=An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling |date=August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=123 }}</ref>
;1951
: First large scale installation—the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London is opened with a [[Coal gas|town gas]]-powered reversible water-source heat pump, fed by [[River Thames|the Thames]], for both winter heating and summer cooling needs.<ref name="auto"/>
;2019
: The [[Kigali Amendment]] to phase out harmful refrigerants takes effect.