Editing Hazaras (section)

==Origin==
Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan,<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=1 July 2017 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |access-date=7 May 2022 |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE}}</ref> the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically [[Multiracial people|mixed group]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=8 May 2022 |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition}}</ref> with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]], and [[Iranic peoples|Iranic]] populations.<ref name="دلجو-2018"/><ref name="Babur-1826b"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartl |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvILxY9tCIC |title=Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes |last2=Jones |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5868-4 |page=262}}</ref><ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Chen-2019"/><ref name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc" /><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=8 May 2022 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |access-date=12 March 2021 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org}}</ref> The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and [[Aimaq people|Char Aimaks]] are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the [[Mongol invasion]].<ref name="Babur" /> Additionally, the Hazaras share common racial traits, physical features, and a strong resemblance to the Turkic populations of [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=257}}</ref><ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011"/><ref name="Chen-2019"/> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the ''[[Baburnama]],'' referring to some as "[[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]]."<ref name="Babur-1826a"/>

Over the centuries, various [[Mongols|Mongol]] ([[Turco-Mongols|Turco-Mongol]]) and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] groups, notably the [[Qara'unas]], [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai Turco-Mongols]], [[Ilkhanate]], and [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], merged with local [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] Turkic and Iranic populations. Scholars agree that the Hazaras are the result of this historical blending, representing a unique ethnogenesis shaped by Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic influences.<ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007</ref>

Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, a number of researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon,<ref name="Bacon" /><ref>Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3628602 "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan"]. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.</ref> Barbara A. West,<ref>{{cite book |last=West |first=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |location=New York |page=272}}</ref> Yuri Averyanov,<ref>Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). [https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=31199912 "Хазарейцы - ираноязычные монголы Афганистана""]. Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.</ref> and Elbrus Sattsayev,<ref>Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). [https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32679342 "Монголы-хазарейцы Афганистана и аспекты "народного шиизма""]. Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.</ref> refer to them as "Hazara Mongols". However, no historical documents have been found that explicitly mention the term "Hazara Mongols," no researchers encountered Mongol-speaking Hazaras.<ref name="Mousavi-1998a">{{cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |url= |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7007-0630-5 |location= |page=36 |language=en}}</ref> According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by [[Genghis Khan]] or his successors became the foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis.<ref name="Temirkhanov" /> However, this claim is highly contested and remains questionable and unacceptable. To date, no credible evidence or primary sources have been found to support the idea that Genghis Khan or his commanders ordered their troops or detachments to settle in what is now known as Hazarajat.<ref name="Mousavi-1998-35"/> In the [[Ghilji]] neighborhood, Hazaras are called Moghol.<ref>Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."''</ref> In turn, the Hazaras have also been called Qarluq, Khalaj, and Turkoman.<ref name="Mousavi-1998-31">{{cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |url= |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7007-0630-5 |location= |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, [[toponymy]],<ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"''</ref> and population genetics studies,<ref>Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).[https://www.academia.edu/13606642/Происхождение_хазарейцев_с_точки_зрения_ДНК-генеалогии_Russian_Journal_of_Genetic_Genealogy._Русская_версия_2010._Том_2._1._С.37-40 "Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии"]. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.</ref> while there is much evidence to the contrary.<ref name="Mousavi-1998a" /><ref name="Martínez-Cruz-2011" /> Scholars such as [[Vasily Bartold]],<ref name="Bartold">Бартольд. В. В. (2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7o1VDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B&pg=PA162 Ислам. Культура мусульманства.] Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: ''"...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."''</ref> [[Ármin Vámbéry]],<ref name="Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry (2003). [https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus12/Vambery/text6.htm Путешествие по Средней Азии.] Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: ''"Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."''</ref> Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin,<ref name="Массон, Ромодин">Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). [https://disk.yandex.ru/i/eWf_lFsRDIVncg История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века.] Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: ''"Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."''</ref> [[Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky|Ilya Petrushevsky]],<ref name="Petrushevsky">Петрушевский И. П. (1952). [http://kronk.spb.ru/library/rashidaddin-1-1-1.htm Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд.] Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: ''"Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."''</ref> Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.<ref name="Forensic Science International">Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017).[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1872497317301461 "mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan"]. Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: ''"Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."''</ref> Despite these efforts, no evidence has been found to identify any Mongol-speaking Hazaras in historical records.<ref name="Mousavi-1998-31"/>

Some historians argue that the [[Bamiyan]] [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Buddha statues]] constructed around the 5th and 6th centuries and noted for their resemblance to the Hazaras in facial features and appearance, suggest the deep historical roots of the Hazara people in the central regions of present-day Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2010 |title=Buddhas of Bamyan |url=https://www.hazarainternational.com/buddhas-of-bamyan/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Hazara International |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=In pictures: 3D return for Bamiyan Buddha destroyed by Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56337042 |access-date=12 February 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centlivres |first=Pierre |date=31 December 2008 |title=The Controversy over the Buddhas of Bamiyan |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/992 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |language=en |issue=2 |doi=10.4000/samaj.992 |issn=1960-6060|doi-access=free }}</ref>