Editing Hayes, Hillingdon (section)

==History==
Hayes is formed of what originally were five separate villages: Botwell, Hayes Town, Hayes End, Wood End and Yeading.<ref>{{cite book|last=Britton |first=Tanya |title=Hayes, Harlington and Cranford During World War One 1914–1918 |year=2014 |publisher=SBSD |location=London |isbn=978-0-9927922-1-3 |pages=Introduction}}</ref> The name ''Hayes Town'' has come to be applied to the area around Station Road between Coldharbour Lane and [[Hayes & Harlington railway station]], but this was historically the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] called Botwell. The original Hayes Town was the area to the east of St Mary's Church, centred around Church Road, Hemmen Lane and Freeman's Lane.<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|11}}

A 2007 [[Archaeology|archaeological]] study looks back to earliest times. It describes finds such as [[flint]] tools dating to the [[Paleolithic]] period (500,000 BC - 10,000 BC) at the sites of Botwell, [[Old Vinyl Factory|EMI Company works]], and Colbrook Avenue (near Dawley Road) [4.1.2]; more finds dating to the [[Mesolithic]] period (10,000 BC - 4,000 BC) at the site of [[Lake Farm Country Park]] [4.1.3]. The site of Wyre Grove (off North Hyde Road) produced finds including pottery from the [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] (2,400 BC - 700 BC), [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] (700 BC - AD 43), [[Roman Britain|Romano-British]] period (AD 43 - 410) and early [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] period (AD 410 - 1066) [4.1.6-11]. The report cites an 831 [[Land grant|grant]] as evidence that the Botwell area has existed as a [[Human settlement|settlement]] since Anglo-Saxon times [4.1.12].<ref>{{cite report |author=Hilary Valler |date=July 2007 |title=Land at Blyth Road, Hayes |url=https://www.wessexarch.co.uk/sites/default/files/66170-Blyth%20Road-Hayes-Hillingdon.pdf |publisher=[[Wessex Archaeology]] |pages=5–6 |docket=66170.01 |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

For some 700 years up to 1546, Hayes formed part of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]'s [[Estate (land)|estate]]s, ostensibly owing to grants from the [[Mercia]]n royal family. In that year, the then-Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer]] was forced to surrender his land to King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], who subsequently granted the estate to [[Edward North, 1st Baron North]].<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|23}} The area changed hands several times thereafter, but by the eighteenth century, two family-names had established themselves as prominent and long-time landowners:<ref>{{cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Louise |date=2018 |title=Secret Hayes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qyIDwAAQBAJ&dq=shackle+minet+hayes&pg=PT112 |location=Stroud |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]] |page= |isbn=978-1445672205}}</ref> Minet<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/fe302aaf-3b44-49fe-82ef-5e38ae51b390 |title=The Minet Collection |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] |access-date=26 August 2024|quote=a [[Huguenots|French Huguenot]] family who came to England after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau|Revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] in 1686.}}</ref>) and Shackle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/eb8ea0d9-9763-4d9d-95f0-429c396323ef |title=Extract from the Hayes Enclosure Map showing the holdings of John Baptist Shackle & son Thomas |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

[[John Wesley]] (1703–1791) and [[Charles Wesley]] (1707–1788), founders of the [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Methodism|Methodist]] movement, preached in Hayes on at least ten occasions between 1748 and 1753.<ref name="Protestantnonconformity">{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Diane K. |display-authors=etal |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=T. F. T. |display-editors=etal|date=1971 |title=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=4 |chapter=Hayes: Protestant nonconformity |chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol4/pp37-38 |location=London |publisher=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=37–38 |isbn=0197227279 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> [[The Salvation Army]] – founded in 1865 in London by [[William Booth]] – registered a [[barracks]] in Hayes between 1887 and 1896; their hall, or "citadel", at 71 Coldharbour Lane was registered in 1927.<ref name="Protestantnonconformity"/> The Hayes division served the [[local community]] for just short of a century, and in years gone by their own [[Salvation Army brass band]] performed around the town's streets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/music |title=Music |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[The Salvation Army]] |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>) In 2024, the Salvation Army hall closed and was put up for sale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://propertylinkassets.estatesgazette.com/images/20240411/1-119603019.pdf |title=Salvation Army hall |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[Estates Gazette]] |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hayes was home to several private boarding schools catering for wealthy families. The former [[Manor House]] on Church Road was by the 1820s a boys' school called Radnor House Academy (a.k.a. Manor House Academy); Grove Cottage, Wood End, a school for young men, opened in the 1830s;  Belle House School for Boys opened on Botwell Lane in the 1840s (it is now St Mary's Convent); in the first half of the 19th century, the Wood End House School for Young Ladies stood on the site of what is now the [[Norman Leddy Memorial Gardens]]; the former Magdalen Hall on Hayes End Road was also a 19th-century private School for Young Ladies.<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|40-41}}

Wood End House (before 1848, the site of the Wood End House School for Young Ladies) was used – from 1848 to c. 1905 – as an [[Psychiatric hospital|asylum]]. Notable psychiatrist [[John Conolly]] (1794–1866) was one of its licensed proprietors, between 1848 and 1866. The building was demolished in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/woodendhouse.html |title=Wood End House |date=2011 |work=Lost Hospitals of London |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Aeolian Factory at Hayes, Middlesex, England c1920.jpg|thumb|[[Aeolian Company|Aeolian]] [[Player piano|pianola]] factory, Silverdale Road;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/9665/The-listening-industry |title=The listening industry |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 August 2022 |website=[[Gov.uk]] |publisher=[[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon Council]] |access-date=24 August 2024 |quote=From 1909 [...] produced pianola (selfplaying piano) rolls and gramophone records. The finished paper rolls, which replicated tunes in the form of minute perforations, were hung inside the building's clock tower.}}</ref> c. 1920]]
Until the end of the nineteenth century, Hayes's key areas of work were agriculture and [[Brickworks|brickmaking]]. The [[Second Industrial Revolution]] brought change in the late nineteenth century, up to [[World War I]]. The town's location on the [[Grand Union Canal|Grand Junction Canal]] (later called the Grand Union) and the [[Great Western Railway]] – [[Hayes & Harlington railway station]] had opened in 1868<ref>{{cite book| last = MacDermot| first = E. T.| title = History of the Great Western Railway |edition= 1|volume= 1 | publisher =[[Great Western Railway]]| year =1927| location = London}}</ref> – made it well-placed for industry.

The town's favourable location caused the Hayes Development Company to make available sites on the north-side of the railway, adjacent to the canal, and Hayes became a centre for engineering and industry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Diane K. |display-authors=etal |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=T. F. T. |display-editors=etal |date=1971 |title=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=4 |chapter=Hayes: Introduction |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol4/pp22-26 |location=London |publisher=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=22–26 |isbn=0197227279 |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> HDC's company secretary, Alfred Clayton, is commemorated in the name of Clayton Road. Residential districts consisting of dwellings of the [[Garden city movement|garden suburb]] type were built to house workers after World War I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/councilhousing/ |title=Council housing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliament.uk]] |access-date=15 August 2004}}</ref>

In 1904, the parish council created [[Hayes and Harlington Urban District|Hayes Urban District]] (from 1930, Hayes and Harlington Urban District) in order to address the issue of population growth. Hayes and Harlington Urban District continued until 1965 when Hayes became part of the newly established London Borough of Hillingdon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Diane K. |display-authors=etal |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=T. F. T. |display-editors=etal |date=1971 |title=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=4 |chapter=Hayes: Local government |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol4/pp31-33 |location=London |publisher=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=31–33 |isbn=0197227279 |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Hayes, Barra Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Barra Hall Park|Barra Hall]], the town hall from 1924 to 1979]]
[[Barra Hall Park|Barra Hall]] – [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] since 1974<ref>{{NHLE|num=1080105 |short=yes}}</ref> – was Hayes [[town hall]] between 1924 and 1979. Originally a [[manor house]] called Grove House, in the late 18th century it was home to Alderman [[Harvey Christian Combe|Harvey Combe]], [[Lord Mayor of London]] in 1799. It became Barra Hall in 1875, after Robert Reid – descendant of the [[Reid baronets of Barra (1703)|Reid baronets of Barra]] – became owner. [[Cavalry_regiments_of_the_British_Army#Twentieth_century|Army Cavalry]] were stationed at Barra Hall during [[World War I]]. After [[Hayes and Harlington Urban District|Hayes Urban District]] Council bought the Hall and its grounds in 1923, the grounds of the new Town Hall were given over to public use as a [[Urban park|public park]] – with [[playground]], tennis courts and [[Swimming pool|paddling pool]]; it was opened by actress [[Jessie Matthews]].<ref name="BarraHall"/> In July 2024, a century on from Hayes Urban District's 1923 purchase, Hillingdon Council sold Barra Hall, to [https://www.hruc.ac.uk/ HRUC]. Notwithstanding the sale, the Council claimed it would safeguard the building for the future, such that it would remain a key asset to local residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/13243/SEND-education-places-created-by-councils-sale-of-Barra-Hall |title=SEND education places created by council's sale of Barra Hall |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 July 2024 |website=[[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon Council]] |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdontimes.co.uk/news/24478597.sale-old-hayes-town-hall-will-fund-70-send-students/ |title=Sale of old Hayes town hall will fund 70 SEND students |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 July 2024 |website=hillingdontimes.co.uk |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

Writer [[Mabel Lethbridge]] (1900-1968) was a [[Munitionette|munitions worker]] in [[World War I]] at [[Filling_factories_in_the_United_Kingdom#UK_World_War_I_National_Filling_Factories|National Filling Factory No. 7]], Hayes when on 23 October 1917 she was severely injured in an explosion: others were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/7195/Fortune-Grass-by-Mabel-Lethbridge |title='Fortune Grass' by Mabel Lethbridge |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2023 |website=hillingdon.gov.uk |publisher=Hillingdon Council |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01td29c |title=The Great War Interviews: Mabel Lethbridge |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> Lethbridge was at the time the youngest person to receive the [[British Empire Medal]] – in recognition of her service – and she wrote about her experience at the Hayes munitions factory in her first book, ''Fortune Grass'' (1934).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://neglectedbooks.com/?p=9957 |title=Fortune Grass, by Mabel Lethbridge (1934) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=7 September 2023 |website=[[The Neglected Books Page]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> National Filling Factory No. 7 was situated on land south of the [[Great Western Railway|railway]] which would later become Nestles Avenue,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourhistory-hayes.blogspot.com/2012/01/ |title=Hayes Women Munition Workers WW1 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 January 2012 |website=Hayes People's History |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> extending almost down to where the [[M4 motorway|M4]] at [[Cranford, London|Cranford]] is now. The Hayes munitions factory employed approximately 10,000 [[Women_in_World_War_I#Munitions_factories|women]] and 2,000 men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sherwood |first=Philip |date=2002 |title=Around Hayes & Harlington: a third selection |location=Stroud |publisher=[[The History Press|Sutton]] |page=30 |isbn=0-7509-2768-2}}</ref>

[[File:Fountain House Hotel, Church Road, Hayes - geograph.org.uk - 387893.jpg|thumb|left|Fountain House Hotel,<br />Church Road; 2004]]
Author [[George Orwell]], who adopted his pen name while living in Hayes, lived and worked in 1932-3 as a schoolmaster at The Hawthorns High School for Boys, situated on Church Road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodden |first=John |date=2007 |title=The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/58427/frontmatter/9780521858427_frontmatter.pdf |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=xiii |isbn=978-0-521-85842-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ferrell |first=Keith |date=1985 |title=George Orwell: the Political Pen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zSsBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22george+orwell%22+and+%22hawthorns%22&pg=PA94 |location=Plymouth, U.K. |publisher=M. Evans |page=94 |isbn=978-0-871-31444-4}}</ref> The school subsequently closed and the original building survived until 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boutiquehotelnews.com/news/hotel/rosemay-boutique-hotel/ |title=Fountain House Hotel rebrands to Rosemay Boutique Hotel |last=Hanson |first=Eloise |date=7 February 2024 |website=boutiquehotelnews.com |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> as the Fountain House Hotel. The hotel displayed a [[Blue plaque|plaque]] commemorating its distinguished former resident. Returning several times to Hayes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/george-orwell|title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions|website=Answers.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Orwell was at the same time characteristically acerbic about his time in the town, camouflaging it lightly as West Bletchley in ''[[Coming Up for Air]]'', as Southbridge in ''[[A Clergyman's Daughter]]'', and grumbling comically in a letter to Eleanor Jacques:

<blockquote>Hayes . . . is one of the most godforsaken places I have ever struck. The population seems to be entirely made up of clerks who frequent [[Tin tabernacle|tin-roofed chapels]] on Sundays and for the rest bolt themselves within doors.<ref>{{cite book|first=George|last=Orwell|author-link=George Orwell|chapter=Letter to Eleanor Jacques|orig-year=1932|page=105|title=The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume 1: An Age Like This 1920–1940|editor1-first=Sonia|editor1-last=Orwell|editor1-link=Sonia Orwell|editor2-first=Ian|editor2-last=Angus|editor2-link=Ian Angus (librarian)|publisher=Penguin|year=1968}}</ref></blockquote>
{{clear}}

The present-day Hayes Police Station – at 755 [[Uxbridge Road]], UB4 8HU – opened on 19 June 1938.<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|44}}
[[File:Hayes End Police Station - geograph.org.uk - 83406.jpg|thumb|Hayes Police Station, on the [[Uxbridge Road]]]]
The [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] [[War Memorial]] at Cherry Lane Cemetery on Shepiston Lane commemorates what is believed to have been the most serious single incident (in respect of [[Casualty (person)|casualties]]) in Hayes during [[World War II]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1393676 |date=2010 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> Thirty-seven workers of the [[Gramophone Company]], Blyth Road – then the town's largest employer – were killed on 7 July 1944 when a German [[V-1 flying bomb]] or "doodle-bug" hit a factory surface [[air-raid shelter]]. The original bomb census form, now held in the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C643599 |title=Gramophone Company Ltd, Hayes: 7 July 1944 |work=Reference HO 192/1452 |publisher=National Archives |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> confirms that it was a flying bomb which landed at 14.59 hours, killing twenty-four people and seriously injuring twenty-one (some of the seriously injured died later). The bomb came down at the main entrance to one shelter, causing the concrete roof to collapse. Some of the badly injured were able to be rescued from the emergency exit at the rear, but others were trapped for some hours.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hayes on Record: A History of the People and Processes Involved in the Manufacture and Development of Vinyl Record and Music Cassettes at Hayes, Middlesex |author1=Hall, Peter  |author2=Brown, Colin |year=1992 |publisher=EMI Music Services (UK) |isbn=0952098407 |pages=142–3}}</ref> Twelve of the victims are buried in a [[mass grave]] in Cherry Lane Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emiarchivetrust.org/lest-we-forget/ |title=Lest we forget |date=2013 |publisher=[[EMI Archive Trust]] |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>

The Sound of Hayes Clock is located at the junction of Station Road and Station Approach. The [[Cabinet Office]] granted special permission for the clock to be inscribed in honour of [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/11660/Unique-soundscape-clock-pays-homage-to-Hayes-musical-heritage |title=Unique soundscape clock pays homage to Hayes' musical heritage |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 September 2023 |website=[[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon Council]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> The inscription reads: "installed on 12 September 2023 to mark the reign of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://harrowonline.org/2023/09/23/unique-soundscape-clock-unveiled-in-hayes-town-centre/ |title=Unique soundscape clock unveiled in Hayes Town Centre |last=Mitchell |first=Chris |date=23 September 2023 |website=harrowonline.org |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

Hayes featured in a 2011 [[House of Commons]] debate about [[Public housing in the United Kingdom|social housing in London]]. It was [[Allegation|alleged]] in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliamentary]] debate (as recorded in ''[[Hansard]]'') that a "sort of ruthless [[Real estate development|developer]] is taking over entire sites in [the Hayes] area to build the [[slum]]s of the future."<ref name="Inland">{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Social Housing in London |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2011-05-05/debates/11050561000001/SocialHousingInLondon |house=House of Commons |date=5 May 2011 |column=819 |speaker=John McDonnell |position=MP for Hayes & Harlington}}</ref>

===Industry===
Hayes has, over the years, been heavily involved with industry, both local and international, having been the home of [[EMI]], [[Nestlé]] and [[H. J. Heinz Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/london-neighbourhoods-same-name-hayes-18728939?int_source=nba |title=Hayes and Hayes: The two London neighbourhoods with the same name but very different stories |date=12 June 2022 |website=[[MyLondon]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> As well as [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey Aviation]] (later merged with [[Westland Aircraft|Westland]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/en/image/EPW031843 |title=EPW031843 England (1930). Gramophone Company (HMV) factory buildings and environs, Hayes |date=2024 |website=britainfromabove.org.uk |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

The first large factory established was that of the British Electric [[Transformer]] Company (affectionately known as the B.E.T.), which moved to Hayes in 1901.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Diane K. |display-authors=etal |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=T. F. T. |display-editors=etal |date=1971 |title=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=4 |chapter=Hayes: Local government |chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol4/pp29-31 |location=London |publisher=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=29–31 |isbn=0197227279 |access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> The B.E.T.'s main product was the Berry transformer, invented by A. F. Berry (the company's technical adviser and a member of the board of directors); Berry also invented the [[Thorn Electrical Industries|Tricity cooker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/British_Electric_Transformer_Co |title=British Electric Transformer Co |work=British Industrial History |publisher=Grace's Guide |access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
[[File:EMI logo on HQ building, Hayes - geograph.org.uk - 1497204.jpg|thumb|[[EMI]] logo on HQ building, Hayes]]
The most significant early occupier was the [[Gramophone Company]] / [[EMI]]. The Hayes factory's [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Nellie Melba|Dame Nellie Melba]].<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|48}} The EMI archives and some early reinforced concrete factory buildings (notably [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] Enterprise House [1912] on Blyth Road, the first known work of [[Owen Williams (engineer)|Evan Owen Williams]] – described by [[English Heritage]] as "the most significant engineer turned architect in twentieth-century British architecture"<ref>{{NHLE |num=1244861 |date=1997 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>) remain as [[The Old Vinyl Factory]].

It was here, in the Central Research Laboratories (generally known as  "CRL"), that [[Isaac Shoenberg]] developed (1934) the all-electronic [[405-line television system]] (called the ''Marconi-EMI system'', used by the [[BBC]] from 1936 until closedown of the [[Crystal Palace transmitting station|Crystal Palace]] 405-line transmissions in 1985).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/story-of-bbc-television/the-contest/ |title=History of the BBC |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bairdtelevision.com/shoenberg.html |title=Isaac Shoenberg (Russian, British) (1880–1963) |last=Logie Baird |first=Iain |date=1998 |website=bairdtelevision.com |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Alan Blumlein]] carried out his research into [[Binaural recording|binaural]] sound and [[Stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] gramophone recording here. "Trains at Hayes Station" (1935)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emiarchivetrust.org/trains-at-hayes-the-worlds-first-stereo-film-made-in-1935-clip/ |title='Trains at Hayes' - the world's first stereo film, made in 1935 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[EMI Archive Trust]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> and "Walking & Talking" are two notable films Blumlein shot to demonstrate stereo [[Sound-on-film|sound on film]]. These films are held at the Hayes [[EMI]] archive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emiarchivetrust.org/alan-blumlein-and-the-invention-of-stereo/ |title=Alan Blumlein and the invention of stereo |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[EMI Archive Trust]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> In 1939, working alongside the electrical firms [[A.C. Cossor]] and [[Pye Ltd.|Pye]], a 60&nbsp;MHz radar was developed, and from 1941 to 1943 the [[H2S radar]] system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pyetelecomhistory.org/prodhist/military/military.html |title=Pye Telecom History |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=pyetelecomhistory.org |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> During the 1990s, CRL spawned another technology: [[Sensaura]] [[3D audio effect|3D positional audio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14018963-600-technology-sound-waves-in-sync-for-better-stereo/ |title=Technology: Sound waves in sync for better stereo |last=Fox |first=Barry |date=23 October 1993 |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> In an echo of Blumlein's early stereo recordings, the Sensaura engineers made some of their first 3D audio recordings at [[Hayes & Harlington railway station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn983-mobile-phones-get-3d-sound/ |title=Mobile phones get 3D sound |last=Knight |first=Will |date=9 July 2001 |website=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Fairey - Hayes 270121 p64.png|thumb|[[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey Aviation]] factory, North Hyde Road; 1921]]
During the [[First World War]], the EMI factories produced aircraft. [[Charles Richard Fairey]] was seconded there for a short time, before setting up his own company, [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey Aviation]], which relocated in 1918 to a large new factory across the railway in North Hyde Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pilotweb.aero/aircraft/british-built-aircraft-greater-london-6219900/ |title=British built aircraft: Greater London |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 June 2011 |website=[[Pilot (British magazine)|Pilot]] |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref> Over 4,500 aircraft were subsequently produced here, but Fairey needed an airfield to test these aircraft and in 1928 secured a site in nearby [[Heathrow (hamlet)|Heathrow]]. This became the [[Great West Aerodrome]], which was requisitioned by the [[Air Ministry]] in 1944. It was initially developed as a heavy-bomber base intended for Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, but when the [[Second World War]] ended in 1945, it was taken over by the [[Ministry of Aviation]] and became [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]].
[[File:Nestlé Factory and driveway - geograph.org.uk - 814171.jpg|thumb|left|The former Nestlé Factory]]
In 1913, German [[bodybuilder]] and [[music hall]] performer [[Eugen Sandow]] – famous in his time as "Sandow the Great", a contender for the title of world's strongest man – opened a cocoa factory in Hayes.<ref name="Cocoa">{{cite web |url=https://www.nestle.co.uk/en-gb/aboutus/history/blog/charlie-chaplain-and-the-chocolate-factory |title=Charlie Chaplin and the Chocolate Factory |date=2018 |publisher=[[Nestlé]] |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref> Sandow's fortunes plummeted in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.shef.ac.uk/agents/people/495 |title=Sandow, Eugene, 1867 - 1925 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2023 |website= |publisher=[[University of Sheffield]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> The Sandow Cocoa Company went into liquidation, and the building and assets passed to the Hayes Cocoa Company in 1916. Hayes Cocoa was owned by [[Swiss chocolate]] company [[François-Louis Cailler|Peter, Cailler, Kohler]].

In 1929, the [[Nestlé]] company bought out Peter, Cailler, Kohler and located its major chocolate and [[instant coffee]] works on the canal, adjacent to the railway east of the station; it was for many years the company's UK headquarters. The factory's elegant [[Art Deco]] façade was long a local landmark.<ref name="Cocoa"/> The road that led to the factory was renamed Nestlé's Avenue (from Sandow Avenue, so-named after the German strongman); Sandow Crescent, a ''cul-de-sac'' off Nestlé's Avenue, remains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumofhotchocolate.co.uk/cocoa-on-the-home-front.html |title=1914-1918 - World War One |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=Museum of Hot Chocolate |publisher= |access-date=20 April 2023 |quote=For Eugen Sandow, being a Prussian selling cocoa based on a German recipe and having a German accent was highly damaging}}</ref> The Hayes Nestlé factory closed in 2014 at a cost of 230 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9018534/Nestle-to-close-Hayes-coffee-factory-in-streamlining.html |title=Nestle to close Hayes factory in streamlining |date=2012 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> Developers [[Segro]] bought the 30-acre Nestlé site in early 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/hayes-hillingdon-nestle-coffee-snacks-17006778 |title=New pictures show latest progress at Nestle Factory development in Hayes |date=2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Hayes, Benlow Works, Silverdale Road - geograph.org.uk - 205648.jpg|thumb|Benlow Works, Silverdale Road – [[Listed building|Grade II listed]]; [[Walter Cave]], 1909–11]]
Opposite Nestlé, on the other side of the canal, the [[Aeolian Company]] and its associates manufactured [[player piano|pianola]]s and rolls from just before [[World War I]] until the [[Great Depression]]. That, and the increasing sophistication of the [[gramophone record]] market, led to its demise. Its facilities were subsequently used by, among others, [[Mondelēz International|Kraft Foods]] and [[Wall's (meat)|Wall's]], a meat processor and ice cream manufacturer. Only one of the Aeolian Company's striking [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] buildings remains. Designed by notable English architect [[Walter Cave]], Benlow Works (post-[[World War II]] owner Benny Lowenthal renamed the factory after himself) on Silverdale Road is a four-storey structure with [[Diocletian window]]s on the top floor. It is [[Listed building|Grade II listed]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1080121 |date=1989 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>

Food company [[H. J. Heinz Company|Heinz]]'s UK headquarters was located at South Building, Hayes Park, Hayes between 1965 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08322668/filing-history?page=2 |title=H. J. Heinz Foods UK Limited |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=[[Gov.uk]] |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> The [[Grade I and II* listed buildings in Hillingdon|Grade II* listed]] Heinz buildings were culturally significant as the only British example of the work of influential American architect [[Gordon Bunshaft]] (then principal design partner of distinguished architectural firm [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]]) and one of only two designs by him in Western Europe.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1242724 |date=1995 |desc=Grade II* Listing|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> In February 2024, [[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon Council]] heard an application in relation to the buildings' Grade II* listed status.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/former-heinz-london-headquarters-being-28691392 |title=Former Heinz London headquarters being turned into huge block of flats |last=Twigger |first=Will |date=23 February 2024 |website=[[MyLondon]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> [[Historic England]] raised concerns, saying the existing buildings were "highly significant for their sophisticated sculptural form". But the planning officers decided that conversion of significant architecture in Hayes meant "less than substantial" heritage harm,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conserving-and-enhancing-the-historic-environment#:~:text=Where%20potential%20harm%20to%20designated,paragraphs%20194%20to%20196)%20apply. |title=How can the possibility of harm to a heritage asset be assessed? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=23 July 2019 |website=[[Gov.uk]] |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lichfields.uk/blog/2021/august/2/what-is-substantial-harm-to-a-designated-heritage-asset |title=What is 'Substantial Harm' to a designated heritage asset? |last=Holding |first=Dominic |date=2 August 2021 |website=[[Nathaniel Lichfield|Lichfields]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> and approved the conversion of Bunshaft's designs into 124 flats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/heinz-means-homes-as-studio-egret-west-scheme-is-approved |title=Heinz means homes as Studio Egret West scheme is approved |last=Pitcher |first=Greg |date=28 February 2024 |website=[[Architects' Journal]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

[[United Biscuits]] – makers of [[McVitie's]] biscuits and [[Jacob's]] [[Cream cracker|Cream Crackers]] – long had its UK headquarters in Hayes. The company formally changed its base to [[Chiswick]] in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08169000/filing-history |title=United Biscuits (UK) Ltd |author=<!--Not stated-->  |date=2024 |website=[[Gov.uk]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Callard & Bowser-Suchard|Callard & Bowser]] manufactured a popular line of English [[toffee]]s and other [[confectionary]] at its Pump Lane, Hayes factory between 1956 and 1983. 635 jobs were lost in the two years leading up to the factory's closure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://letslookagain.com/tag/callard-bowser-history/ |title=A breath of fresh air: Callard & Bowser |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=15 December 2014 |website=letslookagain.com |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Amp Mac.png|thumb|left|[[Marshall Amplification|Marshall amp]]: first factory in Hayes, 1964]]
The first factory to produce the iconic [[Marshall Amplification|Marshall amplifier]] opened in June 1964 in Silverdale Road, Hayes. Guitar-amplification pioneer [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]] employed fifteen people to build [[Guitar amplifier|amplifier]]s and [[Guitar speaker|cabinet]]s in a 5,000-square-foot space.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maloof |first=Rich |date=2003 |title=Jim Marshall: The Father of Loud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1J1MAgAAQBAJ&q=%22jim+marshall%22+and+%22hayes%2C+middlesex%22&pg=PT42 |publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation|Backbeat Books]] |isbn=0879308036}}</ref>

Hayes has been home to businesses in various industries over the years. Among others: UK [[Travel trailer|caravan]] manufacturer Car Cruiser<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caravans: The Illustrated History 1919–1959|last=Jenkinson|first=Andrew|publisher=Veloce|year=2003|isbn=9781903706824|pages=40}}</ref> built caravans in North Hyde Road for a short time in the early 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.co.uk/advert.php?id=26&offset=0&sort=0&l1=transport&l2=Caravans|title=Advert Museum - Car Cruiser Caravans, Ltd.|last=Elsey|first=Brian|website=www.historyworld.co.uk|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> From the early 1970s to 2003, McAlpine Helicopters Limited (Operational Support Services Limited) – later renamed McAlpine Aviation Services Limited – operated from two purpose-built helicopter [[hangar]]s in Swallowfield Way, Hayes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukairfieldguide.net/airfields/Hayes-flying-sites |title=Hayes flying sites |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014 |website=ukairfieldguide.net |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> Damont Audio was a [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] pressing plant based in Hayes from the 1970s to 2005. "DAMONT" or "Damont Audio Ltd" is typically inscribed in the [[Matrix numbers|run-out groove]] of vinyl produced at the plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Damont%20Audio |title=Damont Audio |website=[[Discogs]] |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2024, industry was impacted when [[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon Council]] acquired industrial site HPH3, Hyde Park for [[Real estate development|development]] into more accommodation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hillingdontimes.co.uk/news/24486794.sites-hayes-uxbridge-ease-hillingdon-housing-wait-list/ |title=Sites in Hayes, Uxbridge to ease Hillingdon housing wait list |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=30 July 2024 |website=hillingdontimes.co.uk |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

In 1971, [[Neville Sandelson]], MP for Hayes and Harlington 1971–1983, articulated concern about [[deindustrialization|''de''-industrialisation]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]: "The position in Hayes . . . is causing grave anxiety both in regard to the present and the long-term prospects. The closure of long-standing industrial firms in the area has become a contagion which shows no sign of abating".<ref name="Sandelson82">{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Industry and Employment (Hayes) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1982/dec/06/industry-and-employment-hayes |house=House of Commons |date=6 December 1982 |volume=33 |column_start=688 ||column_end=694 |speaker=Neville Sandelson |position=MP for Hayes & Harlington}}</ref> By 1982, [[Neville Sandelson|Sandelson]] said the ''contagion'' had become ''an epidemic'', reiterating: "a subject of great concern to every family in Hayes and Harlington . . . the progressive decline of industry."<ref name="Sandelson82"/>

===Churches===
[[File:StMarysHayes.jpg|thumb|alt=St. Mary's Church, Hayes|St Mary's Church, Hayes, overlooking Barra Hall Park]]
[[File:Church hall of St. Mary the Virgin, Hayes, Middlesex, June 2015.jpg|thumb|Church hall of St Mary]]

[[St Mary the Virgin Church, Hayes]] on Church Road is the oldest building in Hayes. It is [[Grade I and II* listed buildings in Hillingdon|Grade II* listed]].<ref name="Entry Number 1080233"/> The central portion of the church, the [[chancel]] and the [[nave]], was built in the 13th century, the north aisle in the 15th century (as was the [[Bell tower|tower]]), and the south aisle in the 16th century, along with the [[lychgate]] and the south [[Church porch|porch]]. The lychgate and wall to the south are [[Listed building|Grade II listed]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1080234 |date=1949 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Hayes's entry in the [[Domesday Book]] (1086) makes no mention of a church or chapel, and the name of St Mary suggests a 12th-century dedication as it was at this time that [[Dedication (ritual)|church dedications]] in this name first appeared in England.<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|9 & 18}} Besides the church, the other main building in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] villages was the [[manor house]]. The manor house formerly associated with the church was assigned to [[Canterbury Cathedral]] by Christian priest Warherdus as far back as 830 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achurchnearyou.com/st-mary-hayes-middlesex/|title=St. Mary the Virgin, Hayes, Middlesex|website=www.achurchnearyou.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

The site of the original manor house is not known, but it is likely to have been on or near the site of the building latterly on Church Road called the Manor House,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.londonpicturearchive.org.uk/view-item?i=153784&WINID=1724243024966 |title=Manor House in Church Road202 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=London Picture Archive |publisher=[[City of London Corporation]] |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> parts of which dated from the early 16th century. At the time of the [[Norman Conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], Archbishop [[Lanfranc]] had contacts with the parish. St Mary's has a 12th-century [[Baptismal font|font]], and many interesting memorials and [[Monumental brass|brasses]]. The brass to Robert Lellee, Rector somewhere between 1356 and 1375, is purportedly the oldest brass in Middlesex. Adjacent to it is another to Rector Robert Burgeys (1408–1421). (The first recorded Rector was Peter de Lymonicen [1259]). There are tombs in the church to Walter Grene (1456), Thomas Higate (1576), and Sir [[Edward Fenner]] (1611), Judge of the King's Bench. The latter tomb covers earlier tiling on the wall and floors. Some partly uncovered pre-[[English Reformation|Reformation]] wall-paintings and a large mural (dating from the 14th century) of [[Saint Christopher]] with the infant Child are on the North wall. A brass to Veare Jenyns (1644) relates to the Court of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], while other Jenynses, who were [[Lord of the Manor|Lords of the Manor]], link with [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough]]. Judge [[John Heath (judge)|John Heath]], after whom ''Judge Heath Lane'' was named, is also buried at St Mary's.

[[Victorian era|Victorian]] restorers donated a number of windows, and more recent additions include windows to Saints [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] and [[Saint Nicholas|Nicholas]]. The [[Coronation]] window is in the north aisle above the [[Triptych]] painted by the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|pre-Raphaelite]] [[Edward Arthur Fellowes Prynne]]. His brother [[George Fellowes Prynne]] carved the [[Reredos]] with [[Anselm of Canterbury|St Anselm]] and [[Saint George|St George]] in the [[Niche (architecture)|niches]]. The embossed roof of the [[Nave]] reflects the [[Tudor period]] with emblems of the crucifixion and the arms of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry]] and [[Catherine of Aragon|Aragon]] (the lands passed to [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] as a consequence of the [[English Reformation]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://londonchurchbuildings.com/2014/03/09/st-mary-church-road-hayes/ |title=St Mary, Church Road, Hayes |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=londonchurchbuildings.com |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> Cherry Lane Cemetery on Shepiston Lane was founded in the mid-1930s to provide a new burial ground when the churchyard at St Mary's Church had run out of space.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1393676 |date=2010 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref>

'''St Anselm's Church''' was completed in 1929 to the design of architect [[John C. Corlette|Hubert Christian Corlette]]. Noted designer [[MacDonald Gill]] was responsible for the panelled ceiling. The church's [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid on 13 May 1927 by Sir [[John Eldon Bankes]]. The east window is by [[James Powell and Sons]] of [[Whitefriars, London|Whitefriars]], London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://londonchurchbuildings.com/2014/03/09/st-anselm-station-road-hayes/ |title=St Anselm, Station Road, Hayes |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=londonchurchbuildings.com |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> The church was [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] in November 2019.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1464541 |date=2019 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> St Anselm's is so-named because [[William II of England|William Rufus]] (1056 – 1100) sent Archbishop (later Saint) [[Anselm of Canterbury]] (c.1033 – 1109) to stay in the [[manor house]] of St Mary's Church, as it was the nearest of the Archbishop's manors to [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], where William Rufus resided.<ref name="Kelter88"/>{{rp|18}}<ref>{{NHLE |num=1464541 |date=2019 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

The '''Immaculate Heart of Mary''', the Roman Catholic church in Botwell, was built in 1961, replacing the earlier church built in 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://parish.rcdow.org.uk/hayes/ |title=Roman Catholic Church of The Immaculate Heart of Mary |date=2018 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Westminster|Diocese of Westminster]] |access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://londonchurchbuildings.com/2014/03/09/immaculate-heart-of-mary-botwell-lane-hayes-roman-catholic/ |title=Immaculate Heart of Mary, Botwell Lane, Hayes (Roman Catholic) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |website=londonchurchbuildings.com |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> The adjacent school, Botwell House Catholic Primary, opened on 25 August 1931. The church's picture of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (which measures 5½m x 3m) was painted by [[Pietro Annigoni]] (1910–1988) in [[Florence]], and took nine months to complete. The [[Listed building|Grade II listed]], early nineteenth-century [[Clergy house|presbytery]], "Botwell House",<ref>{{NHLE |num=1358357 |date=1974 |desc=Grade II Listing |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> was originally the home of Hayes's principal landowner, John Baptist Shackle.