Editing Hayao Miyazaki (section)

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
[[File:Isao Takahata.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Miyazaki first worked with [[Isao Takahata]] ''(pictured)'' in 1964, spawning a lifelong collaboration and friendship.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=30}}{{sfn|Batkin|2017|p=141}}{{sfn|Mahmood|2018}}]]

In 1963, Miyazaki was employed at [[Toei Doga]];{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=30}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=16}} this was the last year the company hired regularly.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=437}} He began renting a four-and-a-half ''[[tatami]]'' (<!--2 tatami = 1 tsubo-->{{convert|2.25|tsubo|m2 sqft|disp=out}}) apartment in [[Nerima]], Tokyo, near Toei's studio; the rent was {{JPY|6000}},{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=437}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=30}} while his salary at Toei was {{JPY|19,500}}.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=437}}{{notetag|During his three-month training period at Toei Doga, Miyazaki's salary was {{JPY|18,000}}.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=437}}}} Miyazaki worked as an [[inbetween artist]] on the theatrical feature films ''[[Doggie March]]'' (1963) and ''[[Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon]]'' (1965) and the television anime ''[[Wolf Boy Ken]]'' (1963).{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=217}} His proposed changes to the ending of ''Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon'' were accepted by its director; he was uncredited but his work was praised.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|pp=18–19}} Miyazaki found inbetween art unsatisfying and wanted to work on more expressive designs.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=17}} He was a leader in a labor dispute soon after his arrival at Toei, and became chief secretary of its labor union in 1964;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=30}} its vice-chairman was [[Isao Takahata]], with whom Miyazaki would form a lifelong collaboration and friendship.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=17}}{{sfn|Mahmood|2018}} Around this time, Miyazaki questioned his career choice and considered leaving the industry; a screening of ''[[The Snow Queen (1957 film)|The Snow Queen]]'' in 1964 moved him, prompting him to continue working "with renewed determination".{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=18}}

During production of the anime series ''[[Shōnen Ninja Kaze no Fujimaru]]'' (1964–1965), Miyazaki moved from inbetween art to key animation,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=217–218}} and worked in the latter role on two episodes of ''[[Sally the Witch]]'' (1966–1968) and several of ''[[Hustle Punch]]'' (1965–1966) and ''[[Rainbow Sentai Robin]]'' (1966–1967).{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=37}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=218}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=19}} Concerned that opportunities to work on creative projects and feature films would become scarce following an increase in animated television, Miyazaki volunteered in 1964 to work on the film ''[[The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun]]'' (1968);{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=19}} he was chief animator, concept artist, and scene designer,{{sfn|Lamarre|2009|pp=56ff}} and was credited as "scene designer" to reflect his role.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=17}} On the film, he worked closely with his mentor, [[Yasuo Ōtsuka]], whose approach to animation profoundly influenced Miyazaki's work.{{sfn|Lamarre|2009|pp=56ff}} Directed by Takahata, the film was highly praised, and deemed a pivotal work in the evolution of animation,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=38}}{{sfn|Anime News Network|2001}}{{sfn|Drazen|2002|pp=254ff}} though its limited release and minimal promotion led to a disappointing box office result,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=17}} among Toei Animation's worst, which threatened the studio financially.{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=14}}
Miyazaki moved to a residence in [[Higashimurayama]] after his wedding in October 1965,{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=20}} to [[Ōizumigakuenchō]] after the birth of his second son in April 1969,{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=438}} and to [[Tokorozawa]] in 1970.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=438}}

Miyazaki provided key animation for ''[[The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots]]'' (1969), directed by [[Kimio Yabuki]].{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=219}} He created a 12-chapter manga series as a promotional [[tie-in]] for the film; the series ran in the Sunday edition of ''[[Tokyo Shimbun]]'' from January to March 1969.{{sfn|Comic Box|1982|p=111}}{{sfn|''Animage''|1983}} Miyazaki later proposed scenes in the screenplay for ''[[Flying Phantom Ship]]'' (1969) in which military tanks would cause mass hysteria in downtown Tokyo, and was hired to storyboard and animate the scenes.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=22}} Beginning a shift towards slow-paced productions featuring mostly female protagonists,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=31}} he provided key animation for ''[[Moomin (1969 TV series)|Moomin]]'' (1969), two episodes of ''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]'' (1969–1970),{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=39}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=219}} and one episode of ''[[Sarutobi Ecchan]]'' (1971), and was organizer and key animator for ''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1971 film)|Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]'' (1971).{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=220}} Under the [[pseudonym]] {{Nihongo|Akitsu Saburō|秋津 三朗}}, Miyazaki wrote and illustrated the [[manga]] ''[[Sabaku no Tami|People of the Desert]]'', published in 26 installments between September 1969 and March 1970 in {{Nihongo|''Boys and Girls Newspaper''|少年少女新聞 |Shōnen shōjo shinbun}}.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=438}} He was influenced by illustrated stories such as Fukushima's {{Nihongo|''Evil Lord of the Desert''|沙漠の魔王|Sabaku no maō}}.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=194}} In 1971, Miyazaki developed structure, characters, and designs for [[Hiroshi Ikeda (director)|Hiroshi Ikeda]]'s adaptation of ''[[Animal Treasure Island]]'',{{sfn|Comic Box|1982|p=111}}{{sfn|''Animage''|1983}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=27, 219}} providing key animation and script development.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=26}} He created the 13-part manga adaptation, printed in ''Tokyo Shimbun'' from January to March 1971.{{sfn|Comic Box|1982|p=111}}{{sfn|''Animage''|1983}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=27, 219}}

Miyazaki left Toei Animation in August 1971,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}} having become dissatisfied by the lack of creative prospects and autonomy, and by confrontations with management regarding ''The Great Adventure of Horus''.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=24}} He followed Takahata and [[Yōichi Kotabe]] to [[Shin-Ei Animation|A-Pro]],{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}} where he directed, or co-directed with Takahata, 17 of the 23 episodes of ''[[Lupin the Third Part I]]'',{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=220}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=28}} originally intended as a movie project.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=26}} This was Miyazaki's directorial debut.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=54}} He and Takahata were engaged to emphasize the series' humor over its violence.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=28}} The two also began pre-production on a series based on [[Astrid Lindgren]]'s ''[[Pippi Longstocking]]'' books, designing extensive storyboards;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Takahata|Miyazaki|Kotabe|2014}} Miyazaki and [[Tokyo Movie Shinsha]] president Yutaka Fujioka traveled to Sweden to secure the rights—Miyazaki's first trip outside Japan and possibly the first overseas trip for any Japanese animator for a production{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|pp=32–33}}—but the series was canceled after they were unable to meet Lindgren, and permission was refused to complete the project.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Takahata|Miyazaki|Kotabe|2014}} Foreign travel left an impression on Miyazaki;{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=33}}{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=91}} using concepts, scripts, design, and animation from the project,{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=26}} he wrote, designed and animated two ''[[Panda! Go, Panda!]]'' shorts in 1972 and 1973, with Takahata as director and Ōtsuka as animation director.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=221}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=47}} Their choice of pandas was inspired by the panda craze in Japan at the time.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=33}}

Miyazaki drew storyboards for the first episode of ''[[The Gutsy Frog]]'' in 1971 (though they went unused), provided key animation and storyboards for two episodes of ''[[Akado Suzunosuke (TV series)|Akado Suzunosuke]]'' in 1972, and delivered key animation for one episode each of ''[[Kōya no Shōnen Isamu]]'' (directed by Takahata) and ''Samurai Giants'' in 1973.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=221–222}} In 1972, he directed a five-minute [[Television pilot|pilot film]] for the television series ''Yuki's Sun''; the series was never produced, and the pilot fell into obscurity before resurfacing as part of a [[Blu-ray]] release of Miyazaki's works in 2014.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=36}} In June 1973, Miyazaki and Takahata moved from A-Pro to Zuiyō Eizō,{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=440}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}} where they worked on ''[[World Masterpiece Theater]]'', which featured their animation series ''[[Heidi, Girl of the Alps]]'', an adaptation of [[Johanna Spyri]]'s ''[[Heidi]]''.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=440}} The production team wanted the series to set new heights for television animation,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=38}} and Miyazaki traveled to Switzerland to research and sketch in preparation.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=29}} Zuiyō Eizō split into two companies in July 1975; Miyazaki and Takahata's branch became [[Nippon Animation]].{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=440}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|pp=29–30}} They briefly worked on ''[[Dog of Flanders (TV series)|Dog of Flanders]]'' in 1975 before moving on to the larger-scale ''[[3000 Leagues in Search of Mother]]'' (1976), directed by Takahata, for which Miyazaki traveled to Argentina and Italy as research.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=39}}

In 1977, Miyazaki was chosen to direct his first animated television series, ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'';{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=98}} he directed 24 of the 26 episodes, which were broadcast in 1978.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=223}} Only eight episodes were completed when the series began airing; each episode was completed within ten to fourteen days.{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=98}} An adaptation of [[Alexander Key]]'s ''[[The Incredible Tide]]'',{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=441}} the series features several elements that later reappeared in Miyazaki's work, such as warplanes, airplanes, and environmentalism. Also working on the series was Takahata, Ōtsuka, and [[Yoshifumi Kondō]], whom Miyazaki and Takahata had met at A-Pro.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=15}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=41}} Visually, Miyazaki was inspired by [[Paul Grimault]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Mr. Wonderbird]]''.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=81}} Miyazaki did key animation for thirty episodes of the ''World Masterpiece Theater'' series ''[[Rascal the Raccoon]]'' (1977) and provided scene design and organization on the first fifteen episodes of Takahata's ''[[Anne of Green Gables (1979 TV series)|Anne of Green Gables]]'' before leaving Nippon Animation in 1979.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=40}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=223}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=40}}

=== Breakthrough films ===
Miyazaki moved to Tokyo Movie Shinsha to direct his first feature anime film, ''[[The Castle of Cagliostro]]'' (1979), an installment of the ''[[Lupin III]]'' franchise.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=50}} Ōtsuka had approached him to direct the film following the release of ''[[Lupin the 3rd: The Mystery of Mamo]]'' (1978), and Miyazaki wrote the story with [[:ja:山崎晴哉|Haruya Yamazaki]].{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=489}} Wishing to insert his own creativity into the franchise, Miyazaki inserted several elements and references, inspired by several of [[Maurice Leblanc]]'s [[Arsène Lupin]] novels, on which ''Lupin III'' is based,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=53}} as well as ''The Adventures of Mr. Wonderbird''.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=65}} Visually, he was inspired by Kagoshima Publishing's ''Italian Mountain Cities and the Tiber Estuary'',{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=53}} reflecting his love for Europe.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=65}} Production ran for four months{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=62}} and the film was released on December 15, 1979; Miyazaki wished he could have had another month of production.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=53}} It was well received;{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=33}} ''[[Animage]]'' readers voted it the best animation of all time—it remained in the top ten for more than fifteen years—and Clarisse the best heroine.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=56}} In 2005, former princess [[Sayako Kuroda]]'s wedding dress was reportedly inspired by Clarisse's, having been a fan of Miyazaki and his work.{{sfn|Macdonald|2005b}} Several Japanese and American filmmakers were inspired by the film, prompting homages in other works.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|pp=66–68}}

Miyazaki became a chief animation instructor for new employees at [[Telecom Animation Film]], a subsidiary of Tokyo Movie Shinsha.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=34}} and subsequently directed two episodes of ''[[Lupin the Third Part II]]'' under the pseudonym {{nihongo|Teruki Tsutomu|照樹 務}}, which can read as "employee of Telecom".{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=40}} In his role at Telecom, Miyazaki helped train the second wave of employees.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=441}} Miyazaki provided key animation for one episode of ''[[The New Adventures of Gigantor]]'' (1980–1981),{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=36}} and directed six episodes of ''[[Sherlock Hound]]'' in 1981,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=225}} until legal issues with [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s estate led to a suspension in production;{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=42}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=37}} Miyazaki was busy with other projects by the time the issues were resolved, and the remaining episodes were directed by Kyôsuke Mikuriya and broadcast from November 1984 to May 1985.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=225}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=37}} It was Miyazaki's final television work.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=74}} In 1982, Miyazaki, Takahata, and Kondō started work on a film adaptation of ''[[Little Nemo]]'', but Miyazaki and Takahata left after a few months due to creative clashes with Fujioka (Kondō remained until 1985); the film was completed six years later as ''[[Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland]]'' (1989).{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=107}} Miyazaki spent some time in the United States during the film's production.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=108}}

After the release of ''The Castle of Cagliostro'', Miyazaki began working on his ideas for an animated film adaptation of [[Richard Corben]]'s comic book ''Rowlf'' and pitched the idea to Yutaka Fujioka at Tokyo Movie Shinsha. In November 1980, a proposal was drawn up to acquire the film rights.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=249}}{{sfn|Kanō|2006|pp=37ff, 323}} Around that time, Miyazaki was also approached for a series of magazine articles by ''Animage''{{'}}s editorial staff. Editors [[Toshio Suzuki]] and Osamu Kameyama took some of his ideas to ''Animage''{{'}}s parent company, [[Tokuma Shoten]], which had been considering funding animated films. Two projects were proposed: {{Nihongo|''Warring States Demon Castle''|戦国魔城|Sengoku ma-jō}}, to be set in the [[Sengoku period]]; and the adaptation of Corben's ''Rowlf''. Both were rejected, as the company was unwilling to fund anime not based on existing manga and the rights for ''Rowlf'' could not be secured.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=146}}{{sfn|Miyazaki|2007|p=146}} Elements of Miyazaki's proposal for ''Rowlf'' were recycled in his later works.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=88}}

With no films in production, Miyazaki agreed to develop a manga for the magazine, titled ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'';{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Saitani|1995|p=9}} he had intended to stop making the manga when he received animation work; while he took some breaks in releases,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=72}} the manga ultimately ran from February 1982 to March 1994.{{sfn|Ryan}} Miyazaki's busy schedule and perfectionist mindset led to several delays in publications, and on one occasion he withdrew some chapters before publication; he considered its continued publication a burden on his other work.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=43}} The story, as re-printed in the {{lang|ja-Latn|[[tankōbon]]}} volumes, spans seven volumes for a combined total of 1,060 pages.{{sfn|Ryan}} It sold more than ten million copies in its first two years.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=39}} Miyazaki drew the episodes primarily in pencil, and it was printed monochrome in sepia-toned ink.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=94}}{{sfn|Miyazaki|2007|p=94}}{{sfn|Saitani|1995|p=9}} The main character, [[Nausicaä (Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind)|Nausicaä]], was partly inspired by [[Nausicaa|the character]] from [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' (whom Miyazaki had discovered while reading [[Bernard Evslin]]'s ''Dictionary of Grecian Myths'') and the Japanese folk tale ''[[The Lady who Loved Insects]]'', while the world and ecosystem was based on Miyazaki's readings of scientific, historical, and political writings, such as [[:ja:中尾佐助|Sasuke Nakao]]'s ''Origins of Plant Cultivation and Agriculture'', [[:ja:藤森栄一|Eiichi Fujimori]]'s ''The World of Jomon'', [[Paul Carell]]'s ''Hitler Moves East''.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=74}}{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|pp=83–85}} He was also inspired by the comic series ''[[Arzach]]'' by [[Jean Giraud]], whom he met while working on the manga.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=95}}{{notetag|Miyazaki and Giraud became friends,{{sfn|Cotillon|2005}} and [[Monnaie de Paris]] held an exhibition of their work titled {{lang|fr|Miyazaki et Moebius: Deux Artistes Dont Les Dessins Prennent Vie}} (Two Artists's Drawings Taking on a Life of Their Own) from December 2004 to April 2005; both artists attended the opening of the exhibition.{{sfn|Montmayeur|2005}}}}

In 1982, Miyazaki assisted with key animation for an unreleased [[Zorro]] series, and for the feature film ''[[Space Adventure Cobra: The Movie]]''.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=225}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=37}} He resigned from Telecom Animation Film in November.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=442}} Around this time, he wrote the graphic novel ''[[The Journey of Shuna]]'', inspired by the Tibetan folk tale "Prince who became a dog". The novel was published by Tokuma Shoten in June 1983,{{sfn|Miyazaki|1983|p=147}} dramatized for radio broadcast in 1987,{{sfn|Kanō|2006|p=324}} and published in English as ''Shuna's Journey'' in 2022.{{sfn|Mateo|2022}} ''[[Hayao Miyazaki's Daydream Data Notes]]'' was also irregularly published from November 1984 to October 1994 in ''[[:fr:Model Graphix|Model Graphix]]'';{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=163}} selections of the stories received radio broadcast in 1995.{{sfn|Kanō|2006|p=324}} Following the completion of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''{{'s}} first two volumes, ''Animage'' editors suggested a 15-minute short film adaptation. Miyazaki, initially reluctant, countered that an hour-long animation would be more suitable, and Tokuma Shoten agreed on a feature-length film.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=75}}{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=70}}

Production began on May 31, 1983, with animation beginning in August;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=75}} funding was provided through a [[joint venture]] between Tokuma Shoten and the advertising agency [[Hakuhodo]], for whom Miyazaki's youngest brother worked. Animation studio [[Topcraft]] was chosen as the production house.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=41}} Miyazaki found some of Topcraft's staff unreliable,{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=71}} and brought on several of his previous collaborators, including Takahata, who served as producer,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=100}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=59}} though he was reluctant to do so.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=77}} Pre-production began on May 31, 1983; Miyazaki encountered difficulties in creating the screenplay, with only sixteen chapters of the manga to work with.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=75}} Takahata enlisted experimental and minimalist musician [[Joe Hisaishi]] to compose the film's score;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=77}} he subsequently worked on all of Miyazaki's feature films.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=61}}

For the film, Miyazaki's imagination was sparked by the mercury poisoning of [[Minamata Bay]] and how nature responded and thrived in a poisoned environment, using it to create the film's polluted world.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=89}}{{sfn|Napier|2018|pp=77–78}} For the lead role of Nausicaä, Miyazaki cast [[Sumi Shimamoto]], who had impressed him as Clarisse in ''The Castle of Cagliostro'' and Maki in ''Lupin the Third Part II''.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=57}} ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' was created in ten months,{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=59}} and released on March 11, 1984.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=86}} It grossed ¥1.48 billion at the [[box office]], and made an additional ¥742 million in distribution income.{{sfn|Kanō|2006|pp=65–66}} It is often seen as Miyazaki's pivotal work, cementing his reputation as an animator.{{sfn|Osmond|1998|pp=57–81}} It was lauded for its positive portrayal of women, particularly Nausicaä.{{sfn|Moss|2014}}{{sfn|Nakamura|Matsuo|2002|p=73}}{{sfn|Napier|1998|p=101}} Several critics have labeled ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' as possessing [[anti-war]] and [[feminist]] themes; Miyazaki argues otherwise, stating he only wishes to entertain.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=89}} He felt Nausicaä's ability to understand her opponent rather than simply defeat them meant she had to be female.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=79}} The successful cooperation on the creation of the manga and the film laid the foundation for other collaborative projects.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=45}} In April 1984, Miyazaki and Takahata created a studio to handle copyright of their work, naming it Nibariki (meaning "Two-Horse Power", the nickname for the [[Citroën 2CV]], which Miyazaki drove), for which an office was secured in Suginami Ward,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=443}}{{sfn|Mishan|2021}} with Miyazaki serving as the senior partner.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=43}}

=== Studio Ghibli ===
==== Early films (1985–1995) ====
Following the success of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'',{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=17}} Miyazaki and Takahata{{notetag|Takahata refused to sign the paperwork to found the company, feeling that an artist should not be involved in such business documents. Regardless, he and Miyazaki are considered the studio's founders.{{sfn|Dudok de Wit|2021|p=16}}{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=47}}}} founded the animation production company [[Studio Ghibli]] on June 15, 1985, as a subsidiary of Tokuma Shoten,{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=32}}{{notetag|According to Suzuki, Studio Ghibli was the successor of the Tokuma Shoten subsidiary company Iraka Planning—creators of ''[[Tempyō no Iraka]]'' (1980)—from which it inherited {{JPY|36&nbsp;million}} in outstanding debts.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=40}}}} with offices in [[Kichijōji]] designed by Miyazaki.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=44}} The studio's name had been registered a year earlier;{{sfn|Dudok de Wit|2021|p=96}} Miyazaki named it after the nickname of the [[Caproni Ca.309]] aircraft,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} meaning "[[wikt:ghibli|a hot wind that blows in the desert]]" in Italian.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=45}} Suzuki worked for Studio Ghibli as producer,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}} joining full-time in 1989,{{sfn|Dudok de Wit|2021|p=18}} while Topcraft's Tōru Hara became production manager;{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=43}} Suzuki's role in the creation of the studio and its films has led him to being occasionally named a co-founder,{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=35}}{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=80}} and Hara is often viewed as influential to the company's success.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=46}} Yasuyoshi Tokuma, the founder of Tokuma Shoten, was also closely related to the company's creation, having provided financial backing.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=41}} Topcraft had been considered as a partner to produce Miyazaki's next film, but the company went bankrupt in 1985.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=44}} Several staff members subsequently hired at Studio Ghibli—up to 70 full-time and 200 part-time employees in 1985—had previously worked with Miyazaki at different studios, such as Telecom, Topcraft, and Toei Doga, and others like [[Madhouse, Inc.]] and [[Oh! Production]].{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=46}}

In 1984, Miyazaki traveled to Wales, drawing the mining villages and communities of [[Rhondda]]; he witnessed the [[1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike|miners' strike]] and admired the miners' dedication to their work and community.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}}{{sfn|Brooks|2005}} He was angered by the "military superpowers" of the [[Roman Empire]] who conquered the [[Celts]] and felt this anguish, alongside the miners' strike, was perceptible in Welsh communities.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=97}} He returned in May 1985 to research his next film, ''[[Laputa: Castle in the Sky]]'', the first by Studio Ghibli.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=45}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=64}} Its tight production schedule forced Miyazaki to work all day, including before and after normal working hours, and he wrote lyrics for its end theme.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}} Miyazaki used the floating island of Laputa from ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' in the film.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=94}} ''Laputa'' was released on August 2, 1986, by the [[Toei Company]].{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=444}} It sold around 775,000 tickets,{{sfn|Suzuki|1996}} making a modest financial return,{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=67}} though Miyazaki and Suzuki expressed their disappointment with its box office figures of approximately {{USD|2.5 million}}.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=45}}{{sfn|Denison|2018|p=43}}{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}}

After the success of ''Nausicaä'', Miyazaki visited [[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]] and considered imitating it in an animated film, fascinated by its canal system; instead, Takahata directed a live-action documentary about the region, ''[[The Story of Yanagawa's Canals]]'' (1987). Miyazaki produced and financed the film, and provided several animated sequences.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=68}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}} Its creation spanned four years, and Miyazaki considered it his social responsibility—to both Japanese society and filmmaking—in seeing it produced.{{sfn|Denison|2023|p=48}} ''Laputa'' was created partly to fund production of the documentary, for which Takahata had depleted his funds.{{sfn|Denison|2023|pp=48–49}} In June 1985, ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' was released in the United States as ''Warriors of the Wind'', with significant cuts;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=42}} almost 30 minutes of dialogue and character development were removed, erasing parts of its plot and themes.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=78}} Miyazaki and Takahata subsequently refused to consider Western releases of their films for the following decade.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=42}}

Miyazaki's next film, ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'', originated in ideas he had as a child; he felt "''Totoro'' is where my consciousness began".{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=116}} An attempt to pitch ''My Neighbor Totoro'' to Tokuma Shoten in the early 1980s had been unsuccessful, and Miyazaki faced difficulty in attempting to pitch it again in 1987. Suzuki proposed that ''Totoro'' be released as a [[double bill]] alongside Takahata's ''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]''; as the latter, based on [[Grave of the Fireflies (short story)|the 1967 short story]] by [[Akiyuki Nosaka]], had historical value, Suzuki predicted school students would be taken to watch both.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=116–117}} ''Totoro'' features the theme of the relationship between the environment and humanity, showing that harmony is the result of respecting the environment.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=23}} The film also references Miyazaki's mother; the child protagonists' mother is bedridden.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=120}} As with ''Laputa'', Miyazaki wrote lyrics for ''Totoro''{{'}}s end theme.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=43}} Miyazaki struggled with the film's script until he read a ''Mainichi Graph'' story about Japan forty years prior, opting to set the film in the country before Tokyo's expansion and the advent of television. Miyazaki has subsequently donated money and artwork to fund preservation of the forested land in [[Saitama Prefecture]], in which the film is set.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=120}}

Production of ''My Neighbor Totoro'' began in April 1987 and took exactly a year;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=119}} it was released on April 16, 1988.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=133}} While the film received critical acclaim, it was only moderately successful at the box office.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=118}}{{sfn|Camp|Davis|2007|p=227}} Studio Ghibli approved merchandising rights in 1990, which led to major commercial success; merchandise profits alone were able to sustain the studio for years.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=118}} The film was labeled a cult classic,{{sfn|Camp|Davis|2007|p=227}} eventually gaining success in the United States after its release in 1993,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=118}} where its home video release sold almost 500,000 copies.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|pp=48–49}} Akira Kurosawa said the film moved him, naming it among his hundred favorite films—one of few Japanese films to be named.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=132}} An [[asteroid]] discovered by [[Takao Kobayashi]] in December 1994 was named after the film: [[10160 Totoro]].{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=156}}

In 1987, Studio Ghibli acquired the [[Film rights|rights]] to create a film adaptation of [[Eiko Kadono]]'s novel ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service (novel)|Kiki's Delivery Service]]''. Miyazaki's work on ''My Neighbor Totoro'' prevented him from directing the adaptation; he acted as producer, while [[Sunao Katabuchi]] was chosen as director and Nobuyuki Isshiki as script writer.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=140}}{{sfn|Macdonald|2014}} Miyazaki's dissatisfaction of Isshiki's first draft led him to make changes to the project, ultimately taking the role of director. Kadono expressed her dissatisfaction with the differences between the book and screenplay, but Miyazaki and Takahata convinced her to let production continue.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=143}}{{sfn|Macdonald|2014}} The film was originally intended to be a 60-minute special, but expanded into a feature film after Miyazaki completed the storyboards and screenplay.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2006|p=12}} Miyazaki felt the struggles of the protagonist, Kiki, reflected the feelings of young girls in Japan yearning to live independently in cities,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=141}} while her talents reflected those of real girls, despite her magical powers.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=52}} In preparation for production, Miyazaki and other senior staff members traveled to Sweden, where they captured eighty [[rolls of film]] in [[Stockholm]] and [[Visby]], the former being the primary inspiration behind the film's city.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=144}} ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' premiered on July 29, 1989;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=153}} it was critically successful, winning the [[Anime Grand Prix]]. With more than 2.6 million tickets sold,{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=54}} it earned ¥2.15 billion at the box office{{sfn|Gaulène|2011}} and was the highest-grossing film in Japan in 1989.{{sfn|Hairston|1998}} Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli personally approved the subsequent English translations.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=143}}

From March to May 1989, Miyazaki's manga {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Hikōtei Jidai]]}} was published in the magazine ''Model Graphix'',{{sfn|Lamar|2010}} based on an earlier film idea he had assigned to a younger director in 1988 that fell through due to creative differences.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=56}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=163}} Miyazaki began production on a 45-minute in-flight film for [[Japan Airlines]] based on the manga; Suzuki extended it into a feature-length film, titled ''[[Porco Rosso]]'', as expectations and budget grew.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=56}}{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=182}} Miyazaki began work on the film with little assistance, as its production overlapped with Takahata's ''[[Only Yesterday (1991 film)|Only Yesterday]]'' (1991), which Miyazaki co-produced.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=82}} The outbreak of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in 1991 affected Miyazaki, prompting a more sombre tone for ''Porco Rosso'';{{sfn|Havis|2016}} the [[Croatian War of Independence]] moved the film's setting from [[Dubrovnik]] to the [[Adriatic Sea]].{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=183}} Miyazaki later referred to the film as "foolish", as its mature tones were unsuitable for children,{{sfn|Sunada|2013|loc=46:12}} noting he had made it for his "own pleasure" due to his love of planes.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=160}}

Except for the [[Curtiss R3C-2]], all planes in ''Porco Rosso'' are original creations from Miyazaki's imagination, based on his childhood memories.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=164}} The film also pays homage to the work of [[Fleischer Studios]] and [[Winsor McCay]], which were influential to Japanese animation in the 1940s.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=167}} The film featured anti-war themes, which Miyazaki would later revisit.{{sfn|Blum|2013}}{{sfn|Akimoto|2014}} The protagonist's name, Marco Pagot, is the same as an Italian animator with whom Miyazaki had worked on ''Sherlock Hound''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=89}} Some female staff at Studio Ghibli considered the film's Piccolo factory—led by a man and staffed by women—an intentional mirroring of Studio Ghibli's staff, of whom many are women; some viewed it as Miyazaki's respect for their work ethic, though others felt it implied women were easier to exploit.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=171}} Japan Airlines remained a major investor in the film, resulting in its initial premiere as an in-flight film,{{sfn|Havis|2016}} prior to its theatrical release on July 18, 1992.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=176}} It was Miyazaki's first film not to top ''Animage''{{'}}s yearly reader poll, which has been attributed to its mature focus.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=179}} The film was commercially successful, becoming the highest-grossing film of the year in Japan;{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=45}} it remained one of the highest-grossing films for several years.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=208}}

During production of ''Porco Rosso'', Miyazaki spearheaded work on Studio Ghibli's new studio in [[Koganei]], Tokyo, designing the blueprints, selecting materials, and working with builders.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=45}} The studio opened in August 1992,{{sfn|Matsutani|2008}} and the staff moved in shortly after ''Porco Rosso''{{'}}s release.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=45}} Around this time, Miyazaki started work on the final volumes of the manga ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', which he created in-house at Studio Ghibli.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=46}} In November, two [[television spots]] directed by Miyazaki were broadcast by [[Nippon Television Network]] (NTV): {{lang|ja-Latn|Sora Iro no Tane}}, a 90-second spot adapted from the illustrated story {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Sora Iro no Tane]]}} by [[Rieko Nakagawa]] and Yuriko Omura; and {{lang|ja-Latn|Nandarou}}, a series of four five-second advertisements featuring an undefinable creature.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=228}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=159–160}} Miyazaki assisted with the concept of Takahata's ''[[Pom Poko]]'' (1994),{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=228}} and designed the storyboards and wrote the screenplay for Kondō's ''[[Whisper of the Heart]]'' (1995), being particularly involved in the latter's fantasy sequences.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=104}} Critics and fans began to see Kondō as "the [[heir-apparent]]" to Studio Ghibli.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=46}}

==== Global emergence (1995–2001) ====
[[File:Mononoke hime cgi.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Miyazaki used [[3D rendering]] in ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'' (1997) to create writhing "demon flesh" and composite them onto the hand-drawn characters. Approximately five minutes of the film use similar techniques.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=36}}]]

Miyazaki's next film, ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'', originated in sketches he had made in the late 1970s, based on Japanese folklore and the French fairytale ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''; his original ideas were rejected, and he published his sketches and initial story idea in a book in 1982.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=182}}{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=136}} He revisited the project after the success of ''Porco Rosso'' allowed him more creative freedom.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=182}} He chose the [[Muromachi period]] for the setting as he felt Japanese people stopped worshiping nature and began attempting to control it. Miyazaki began writing the film's [[Film treatment|treatment]] in August 1994. While experiencing [[writer's block]] in December,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=185}} Miyazaki accepted a request to create ''[[On Your Mark]]'', a music video for [[On Your Mark (song)|the song]] by [[Chage and Aska]]. He experimented with computer animation to supplement traditional animation. ''On Your Mark'' premiered as a short before ''Whisper of the Heart''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=160}} The video's story was partly inspired by the [[Chernobyl disaster]].{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=62}} Miyazaki intentionally made it cryptic, wanting viewers to interpret it themselves.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=63}} Despite the video's popularity, Suzuki said it was not given "100 percent" focus.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=214}}

Miyazaki completed ''Princess Mononoke''{{'}}s formal proposal in April 1995 and began working on storyboards in May.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=185}} He had intended it to be his final directorial work at Studio Ghibli, citing his poorer eyesight and physical pains.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=46}}{{sfn|Tasker|2011|p=292}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=189}} In July 1996, [[the Walt Disney Company]] offered Tokuma Shoten a deal to distribute Studio Ghibli's films worldwide (except for [[Southeast Asia]]) through its [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution|Buena Vista]] and [[Miramax Films]] brands. Miyazaki approved the deal, not personally interested in the money and wanting to support Tokuma Shoten, who had earlier supported him.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=66}} In May 1995, Miyazaki took four art directors to [[Yakushima]]—which had previously provided inspiration for ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''—to research the forests as inspiration; another art director, [[Kazuo Oga]], traveled to [[Shirakami-Sanchi]].{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=186}} The landscapes in the film were inspired by Yakushima.{{sfn|Ashcraft|2013}} In ''Princess Mononoke'', Miyazaki revisited the ecological and political themes of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=203}} His historical research, including that of Eiichi Fujimori, led him to the conclusion that women had more freedom during the prehistoric [[Jomon period]], and he opted to focus on ordinary people in society.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=187–188}}

Miyazaki felt the melancholy of the protagonist, Ashitaka, reflected his own attitude, while he compared Ashitaka's scar to modern physical conditions that children endure, like [[AIDS]]. Animation work began in July 1995,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=192}} before the storyboards were completed—a first for Miyazaki.{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=183}} He supervised the 144,000 [[cel]]s in the film, about 80,000 of which were key animation.{{sfn|Fuster|2017}}{{sfn|Schnelbach|2017}} ''Princess Mononoke'' was produced with an estimated budget of ¥2.35 billion (approximately {{US$|23.5 million}}),{{sfn|Karrfalt|1997}} making it the most expensive Japanese animated film at the time.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=33}} Approximately fifteen minutes of the film uses computer animation: about five minutes uses techniques such as [[3D rendering]], digital composition, and [[texture mapping]]; the remaining ten minutes uses [[digital ink and paint]].{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=36}} While the original intention was to digitally paint 5,000 of the film's frames, time constraints doubled this, though it remained below ten percent of the final film.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=35}} Animation was completed in mid-June 1997.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=185}} Miyazaki collaborated directly with Hisaishi on the soundtrack from early in production; Hisaishi wrote an "image album" of pieces inspired by the story, which were reworked as production continued.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=189}}

Upon its premiere on July 12, 1997,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=196}} ''Princess Mononoke'' was critically acclaimed, becoming the first animated film nominated for the [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Picture of the Year]], which it won.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=109}} The film was also commercially successful; it was watched by twelve million people by November, grossing {{USD|160 million}},{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|pp=185–186}} and became the [[List of highest-grossing films in Japan|highest-grossing film in Japan]] for several months.{{sfn|Ebert|1999}}{{notetag|name="Titanic"|''Princess Mononoke'' was eclipsed as the [[List of highest-grossing films in Japan|highest-grossing film in Japan]] by ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', released several months later.{{sfn|Ebert|1999}}}} Its [[home video]] release sold over two million copies within three weeks,{{notetag|According to [[Screen Digest]], about 20% of ''Princess Mononoke''{{'}}s two million copies sold were to first-time buyers of home videos.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=186}}}} and over four million by December 1998.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=186}} For the North American release, Miramax sought to make some cuts to obtain a lower rating than [[PG-13]], but Studio Ghibli refused.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=105}} [[Neil Gaiman]] wrote the English-language script; he met Miyazaki in September 1999, when he traveled to the United States for the film's release and expressed his pleasure at Gaiman's work.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=446}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=72}} While it was largely unsuccessful at the American box office, grossing about {{US$|2.3 million}},{{sfn|Kelly|2022}} it was seen as the introduction of Studio Ghibli to global markets.{{sfn|Tasker|2011|p=292}}

[[File:Nibariki (Hayao Miyazaki's personal studio, Butaya).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Miyazaki opened his own personal office in 1998, named Buta-ya ("pig house").{{sfn|Mishan|2021}}]]

In 1997, Miyazaki contributed to ''[[Visionaire]]'', an arthouse magazine.{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=206}} Tokuma Shoten merged with Studio Ghibli in June 1997.{{sfn|Matsutani|2008}} Within walking distance of Studio Ghibli, Miyazaki designed his private office, which he named Buta-ya (meaning "pig house").{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=47}}{{sfn|Mishan|2021}} It was intended as his retirement office for personal projects;{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=78}} he held his farewell party there in January 1998,{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=47}} having left Studio Ghibli on January 14 to be succeeded by Kondō. However, Kondō's death on January 21 impacted Miyazaki, and within days it was announced he would return to Studio Ghibli to direct a new film.{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=183}}{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=47}} A manga by Miyazaki, {{lang|ja-Latn|Doromamire no Tora}}, was published in ''Model Graphix'' in December 1998, based on a book by German tank commander [[Otto Carius]].{{sfn|McCarthy|1999|p=229}} Miyazaki officially returned to Studio Ghibli as its leader on January 16, 1999, taking an active role in employee organization.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=78}}{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=183}}

From 1998, Miyazaki worked on designs for the [[Ghibli Museum]], dedicated to showcasing the studio's works, including several exclusive short films, for which production began in July 1999. Construction for the museum began in March 2000, and it officially opened on October 1, 2001, featuring the short film ''[[Kujiratori]]''. Miyazaki served as its executive director.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|pp=446–447}} In 1999, a Japanese theme park engaged Studio Ghibli to create a 20-minute short film about cats; Miyazaki agreed on the condition that it featured returning characters from ''Whisper of the Heart''. [[Aoi Hiiragi]] wrote a manga based on the concept, titled ''[[Baron: The Cat Returns]]''. When the theme park withdrew, Miyazaki expanded the idea into a 45-minute film and, wanting to foster new talent at the studio, assigned it to first-time director [[Hiroyuki Morita]].{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|pp=82–83}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=118}} The film was released as ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' in 2002.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=83}}

Miyazaki's next film was conceived while on vacation at a mountain cabin with his family and five young girls who were family friends. Miyazaki realized he had not created a film for 10-year-old girls and set out to do so. He read {{lang|ja-Latn|[[shōjo manga|shōjō]]}} manga magazines like {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Nakayoshi]]}} and {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Ribon]]}} for inspiration but felt they only offered subjects on "crushes and romance", which is not what the girls "held dear in their hearts"; he decided to produce the film about a female heroine whom they could look up to,{{sfn|Toyama|2001}} based on two of the girls he had met.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=79}} Production of the film, titled ''[[Spirited Away]]'', commenced in 2000 on a budget of ¥1.9 billion ({{US$|15 million}}). As with ''Princess Mononoke'', the staff experimented with computer animation, but kept the technology at a level to enhance the story, not to "steal the show".{{sfn|Howe|2003a}} ''Spirited Away'' deals with symbols of human greed, symbolizing the 1980s [[Japanese asset price bubble]],{{sfn|Gold|2016}} and a [[Liminality|liminal]] journey through the realm of spirits.{{sfn|Reider|2005|p=9}}{{notetag|Protagonist Chihiro stands outside societal boundaries in the supernatural setting. The use of the word {{lang|ja-Latn|[[kamikakushi]]}} (literally "hidden by gods") within the Japanese title reinforces this symbol. {{harvtxt|Reider|2005}} states: "{{lang|ja-Latn|Kamikakushi}} is a verdict of 'social death' in this world, and coming back to this world from {{lang|ja-Latn|Kamikakushi}} meant 'social resurrection'."{{sfn|Reider|2005|p=9}}}} The film was released on July 20, 2001; it received critical acclaim, winning the Japan Academy Film Prize for Picture of the Year.{{sfn|Howe|2003b}}{{sfn|Dietz|2010}} The film was commercially successful, selling a record-breaking 21.4 million tickets and earning ¥30.4 billion ({{US$|289.1 million}}) at the box office.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=81}}{{sfn|Sudo|2014}} It became the highest-grossing film in Japan, a record it maintained for almost 20 years,{{sfn|Brzeski|2020}}{{notetag|name="Demon Slayer"|''Spirited Away'' was eclipsed as the highest-grossing film in Japan by ''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train]]'' in December 2020.{{sfn|Brzeski|2020}}}} and was the first Japanese film to earn {{US$|200 million}} internationally, prior to its American release.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=81}}

[[Kirk Wise]] directed the English-language version; [[Disney Animation]]'s [[John Lasseter]] wanted Miyazaki to travel to the United States to work on the translated version, but Miyazaki trusted Lasseter to handle it.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=85}} ''Spirited Away''{{'}}s hopping lamp character is seen as an homage to Lasseter's character [[Luxo Jr. (character)|Luxo Jr.]]{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=86}} The film's successful American release through Buena Vista cemented Studio Ghibli's reputation in Western regions{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=113–114}}{{sfn|Howe|2003c}}{{sfn|Avery|2006|p=70}} and established Miyazaki's popularity in North America;{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=141}} it was the first animated film to win the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[52nd Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]] (tied with ''[[Bloody Sunday (film)|Blood Sunday]]''{{--)}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=85}} and the first Japanese film to win [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] at the [[75th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]],{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=113–114}} alongside several other accolades.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=87}} It has been frequently ranked among the greatest films of the 21st century.{{sfn|BBC|2016}}{{sfn|Dargis|Scott|Del Toro|2017}}{{sfn|Pedersen|2021}} Upon completing the film, like with ''Princess Mononoke'', Miyazaki declared it his last.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=116}} He traveled to France in December 2001 and the United States in September 2002 to promote the film.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=447}} Following the death of Tokuma in September 2000, Miyazaki served as the head of his funeral committee.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=446}} Miyazaki wrote and directed more short films for the Ghibli Museum: ''[[Koro no Daisanpo]]'', which screened from January 2002, and ''[[Mei and the Kittenbus]]'', which screened from October.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|pp=447–448}} One of the short films, ''[[Imaginary Flying Machines]]'', was later screened as [[in-flight entertainment]] by Japan Airlines alongside ''Porco Rosso''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=166}}

==== Later films (2001–2011) ====
Studio Ghibli announced the production of ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]'' in September 2001, based on [[Howl's Moving Castle (novel)|the novel]] by [[Diana Wynne Jones]],{{sfn|Schilling|2001}} which Miyazaki had read in 1999.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=90}} Toei Animation's [[Mamoru Hosoda]] was originally selected to direct the film, but disagreements between Hosoda and Studio Ghibli executives led to the project's abandonment in 2002.{{sfn|Schilling|2002}}{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=92}} After six months, Studio Ghibli resurrected the project. Miyazaki was inspired to direct the film, struck by the image of a castle moving around the countryside; the novel does not explain how the castle moved, which led to Miyazaki's designs.{{sfn|Talbot|2005}} Some computer animation was used to animate the castle's movements,{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=124}} though Miyazaki dictated it consist of no more than 10 percent of the film.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=92}} Miyazaki traveled to [[Colmar]] and [[Riquewihr]] in [[Alsace]], France, to study the architecture and the surroundings for the film's setting,{{sfn|Berton|2020|p=236}} while additional inspiration came from the concepts of future technology in [[Albert Robida]]'s work.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=146}} The war featured in the film was thematically influenced by [[2003 invasion of Iraq|the 2003 invasion]] and subsequent [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]], the events of which enraged Miyazaki.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=122–123}}

''Howl's Moving Castle'' was released on November 20, 2004, and received widespread critical acclaim. The film received the [[Golden Osella]] for Technical Excellence at the [[61st Venice International Film Festival]],{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2004}} and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.{{sfn|Wellham|2016}} In Japan, the film sold more than 1.1&nbsp;million tickets within two days{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=93}} and grossed a record {{US$|14.5 million}} in its first week.{{sfn|Talbot|2005}} It became Japan's third-highest-grossing film,{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=93}} and remains among the top rankings with a worldwide gross of over ¥19.3 billion.{{sfn|Osaki|2013}} Miyazaki received the honorary Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement award at the [[62nd Venice International Film Festival]] in 2005.{{sfn|Vivarelli|2005}} He visited the United States in June 2005 to promote the film.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=448}}

In March 2005, Studio Ghibli split from Tokuma Shoten,{{sfn|Macdonald|2005a}} and Miyazaki became corporate director.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=448}} After ''Howl's Moving Castle'', Miyazaki created some short films for the Ghibli Museum, for which he returned solely to traditional animation techniques;{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=124}} all three began screening in January 2006.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|pp=448–449}} Studio Ghibli obtained the rights to produce an adaptation of [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]'s ''[[Earthsea]]'' novels in 2003;{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=125–126}} Miyazaki had contacted her in the 1980s expressing interest but she declined, unaware of his work. Upon watching ''My Neighbor Totoro'' several years later, she expressed approval to the concept and met with Suzuki in August 2005, who wanted Miyazaki's son [[Goro Miyazaki|Goro]] to direct the film, as Miyazaki had wished to retire. Disappointed that Miyazaki was not directing but under the impression he would supervise his son's work, Le Guin approved of the film's production.{{sfn|Le Guin|2006}} Miyazaki later publicly opposed and criticized Goro's appointment as director.{{sfn|Collin|2013}} The film's designs were partly inspired by Miyazaki's manga ''The Journey of Shuna''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=126}} During a screening of the film, Miyazaki commented, "You shouldn't make a picture based on your emotions".{{sfn|Han|2020}} He later wrote a message for his son: "It was made honestly, so it was good".{{sfn|G. Miyazaki|2006b}}

In February 2006, Miyazaki traveled to the United Kingdom to research ''A Trip to Tynemouth'' (based on [[Robert Westall]]'s "Blackham's Wimpy"), for which he designed the cover, created a short manga, and worked as editor;{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|pp=398–401}} it was released in October.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=98}} Miyazaki's next film, ''[[Ponyo]]'', began production in May 2006.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2013|p=16}} It was initially inspired by "[[The Little Mermaid]]" by [[Hans Christian Andersen]], though began to take its own form as production continued.{{sfn|Castro|2012}} Miyazaki aimed for the film to celebrate the innocence and cheerfulness of a child's universe.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2013|p=16}} He was intimately involved with the artwork, preferring to draw the sea and waves himself, as he enjoyed experimenting.{{sfn|Ghibli World|2007}} Two short films—''[[Looking for a Home (film)|Looking for a Home]]'' and ''[[Mizugumo Monmon|Water Spider Monmon]]''—were made for the Ghibli Museum shortly before ''Ponyo'' entered production as animation experiments for sea life.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=130–131}}

''Ponyo'' features 170,000 frames—a record for Miyazaki.{{sfn|Sacks|2009}} Its seaside village was inspired by [[Tomonoura]], a town in [[Setonaikai National Park]], where Miyazaki stayed in 2004.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=131}} The main character, Sōsuke, is based on Gorō.{{sfn|Ball|2008}} Following its release on July 19, 2008, ''Ponyo'' was critically acclaimed, receiving Animation of the Year at the [[32nd Japan Academy Film Prize]].{{sfn|Loo|2009}} The film was also a commercial success, earning ¥10 billion ({{US$|93.2 million}}) in its first month{{sfn|Ball|2008}} and ¥15.5 billion by the end of 2008, placing it among the highest-grossing films in Japan;{{sfn|Landreth|2009}} its box office earnings outpaced its ¥3.4 billion budget fivefold.{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=100}} In April 2008, Miyazaki founded Home of the Three Bears, a preschool for the children of Studio Ghibli employees for which he had worked on early architectural plans.{{sfn|Miyazaki|1996|p=449}}

[[File:HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|right|Miyazaki at the 2009 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]

In early 2009, Miyazaki began writing a manga called {{Nihongo|''Kaze Tachinu''|風立ちぬ|The Wind Rises}}, telling the story of [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter designer [[Jiro Horikoshi]]. The manga was first published in two issues of the Model Graphix magazine, published on February 25 and March 25, 2009.{{sfn|''Animekon''|2009}} For the Ghibli Museum, Miyazaki wrote the short film ''[[A Sumo Wrestler's Tail]]'', directed by [[Akihiko Yamashita]], and wrote and directed ''[[Mr. Dough and the Egg Princess]]''; both started screening in 2010.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=165}} From July 2008, Miyazaki planned and produced the film ''[[Arrietty]]'' (2010),{{sfn|Lenburg|2012|p=105}} for which he co-wrote the screenplay with [[:ja:丹羽圭子|Keiko Niwa]],{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=134}} based on the 1952 novel ''[[The Borrowers]]'';{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=136}} it was the directorial debut of [[Hiromasa Yonebayashi]], who had started as an inbetween artist on ''Princess Mononoke''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=137}} Miyazaki and Niwa wrote the screenplay for ''[[From Up on Poppy Hill]]'' (2011), based the 1979–1980 manga ''[[Coquelicot-zaka kara]]''; the film, directed by Goro Miyazaki, was the highest-grossing Japanese film in the country in 2011 and won [[Japan Academy Film Prize for Animation of the Year|Animation of the Year]] at the [[Japan Academy Awards]].{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=139}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=142}}

==== Retirement and return (2012–present) ====
Miyazaki wanted his next film to be a sequel to ''Ponyo'', but Suzuki convinced him to instead adapt {{lang|ja-Latn|Kaze Tachinu}} to film.{{sfn|Loo|2014}} In November 2012, Studio Ghibli announced the production of ''[[The Wind Rises]]'', based on {{lang|ja-Latn|Kaze Tachinu}}, to be released as a double bill alongside Takahata's ''[[The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)|The Tale of the Princess Kaguya]]'';{{sfn|Armitage|2012}} the latter was ultimately delayed.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=149}} Miyazaki was inspired to create ''The Wind Rises'' after reading a quote from Horikoshi: "All I wanted to do was to make something beautiful".{{sfn|Keegan|2013}}  Several scenes in ''The Wind Rises'' were inspired by [[Tatsuo Hori]]'s novel {{nihongo|''[[The Wind Has Risen]]''|風立ちぬ}}, in which Hori wrote about his life experiences with his fiancée before she died from tuberculosis. The female lead character's name, Naoko Satomi, was borrowed from Hori's novel {{Nihongo|''Naoko''|菜穂子}},{{sfn|''Newtype''|2011|p=93}} while the name of a German man, Hans Castorp, taken from [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[The Magic Mountain]]''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=144}} Naoko's struggles with tuberculosis echo the illness of Miyazaki's mother, and Horikoshi's story of growing from a young boy dreaming of airplanes to an inspirational artist is reflective of Miyazaki's own life.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=149}}

''The Wind Rises'' reflects Miyazaki's pacifist stance,{{sfn|Keegan|2013}} continuing the themes of his earlier works, despite stating that condemning war was not the intention of the film;{{sfn|Foundas|2013}} he felt that, despite his occupation, Horikoshi was not militant.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=145}} Miyazaki was moved by the film, the first of his own works to make him cry.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=143}} As Horikoshi, he cast [[Hideaki Anno]], who had worked on ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' and is known for creating ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=146}} The film premiered on July 20, 2013,{{sfn|Keegan|2013}} It received critical acclaim for its animation, narrative, and characters, though some viewers were critical of the film's focus on Horikoshi due to the impacts of his inventions and others were disappointed by its lack of fantastical elements.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=146–147}} It was named Animation of the Year at the [[37th Japan Academy Film Prize]]{{sfn|Green|2014}} and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the [[86th Academy Awards]].{{sfn|Loveridge|2014}} It was commercially successful, grossing ¥11.6 billion ({{US$|110 million}}) at the Japanese box office, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan in 2013.{{sfn|Ma|2014}} The film's production was documented in Mami Sunada's ''[[The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness]]''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=146}}{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=162}}

In September 2013, Miyazaki announced he was retiring from the production of feature films due to his age, but wished to continue working on the displays at the Ghibli Museum.{{sfn|Loo|2013}}{{sfn|Akagawa|2013}} Miyazaki was awarded the [[Academy Honorary Award]] at the [[Governors Awards]] in November 2014.{{sfn|Morgan|2014|p=24}} He developed ''[[Boro the Caterpillar]]'', an animated short film which was first discussed during pre-production for ''Princess Mononoke''.{{sfn|Nonaka|1998|loc=24:47}} It was screened exclusively at the Ghibli Museum in July 2017.{{sfn|Loo|2017}} Around this time, Miyazaki was working on a manga titled ''Teppo Samurai''.{{sfn|Cadorniga|2015}} In February 2019, a four-part documentary was broadcast on the [[NHK]] network titled ''10 Years with Hayao Miyazaki'', documenting production of his films in his private studio.{{sfn|Lattanzio|2020}} In 2019, Miyazaki approved a musical adaptation of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', as it was performed by a [[kabuki]] troupe.{{sfn|Radulovic|2020}}

In August 2016, Miyazaki proposed a new feature-length film, ''Kimi-tachi wa Dō Ikiru ka'' (titled ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]'' in English), on which he began animation work without receiving official approval.{{sfn|Loo|2017}} The film opened in Japanese theaters on July 14, 2023.{{sfn|Hodgkins|2022}} It was preceded by a minimal marketing campaign, forgoing trailers, commercials, and advertisements, a response from Suzuki to his perceived oversaturation of marketing materials in mainstream films.{{sfn|Pulver|2023}} Despite claims that ''The Boy and the Heron'' would be Miyazaki's final film, Studio Ghibli vice president Junichi Nishioka said in September 2023 that Miyazaki continued to attend the office daily to plan his next film.{{sfn|Hollister|2023}} Suzuki said he could no longer convince Miyazaki to retire.{{sfn|Leston|2023}} ''The Boy and the Heron'' won Miyazaki his second Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the [[96th Academy Awards]],{{sfn|Pulver|2024}} becoming the oldest director to do so; Miyazaki did not attend the show due to his advanced age.{{sfn|Robledo|2024}} Studio Ghibli became a subsidiary of [[Nippon Television Holdings]] in October 2023, with Miyazaki as its honorary chairman.{{sfn|Inoue|Benoza|2023}}