Editing Hawking radiation (section)

== Discovery==

In 1971 Soviet scientists [[Yakov Zeldovich]] and [[Alexei Starobinsky]] proposed that [[rotating black hole]]s ought to create and emit particles, reasoning by analogy with electromagnetic spinning metal spheres. In 1972, [[Jacob Bekenstein]] developed a theory and reported that the black holes should have an entropy proportional to their surface area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Bekenstein |first1 = A. |title =  Black holes and the second law |journal =  Lettere al Nuovo Cimento |volume = 4 |pages = 99–104 |year = 1972 |issue = 15 |doi = 10.1007/BF02757029 |s2cid = 120254309 }}</ref> Initially [[Stephen Hawking]] argued against Bekenstein's theory, viewing black holes as a simple object with no entropy.<ref name=Thorne-1995>{{Cite book |last=Thorne |first=Kip |title=Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Commonwealth Fund Book Program) |date=1995 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-393-31276-8 |edition=1 |series=Commonwealth Fund Book Program Series |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>{{rp|425}}
After meeting Zeldovich in Moscow in 1973, Hawking put these two ideas together using his mixture of quantum field theory and general relativity.<ref name=Thorne-1995/>{{rp|435}}
In his 1974 paper Hawking showed that in theory, black holes radiate particles as if it were a blackbody. Particles escaping effectively drain energy from the black hole. 
Due to Bekenstein's contribution to black hole entropy,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271812420230|title=Effective Temperature, Hawking Radiation and Quasinormal Modes|first=Christian|last=Corda|date=October 29, 2012|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1242023|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1142/S0218271812420230|arxiv=1205.5251|bibcode=2012IJMPD..2142023C }}</ref> it is also known as '''Bekenstein–Hawking radiation.'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communities.springernature.com/posts/hawking-bekenstein-radiation-and-the-shifting-of-a-paradigm|title=Hawking-Bekenstein radiation and the shifting of a paradigm|first=Research Communities by Springer|last=Nature|date=March 14, 2018|website=Research Communities by Springer Nature}}</ref>

Hawking radiation derives from [[vacuum fluctuations]]. A quantum fluctuation in the electromagnetic field can result in a photon outside of the black hole horizon paired with one on the inside. The horizon allows one to escape in each direction.<ref name=Thorne-1995/>{{rp|439}}