Editing Hatshepsut (section)

==Reign==
[[File:Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty. From Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Jar bearing the [[cartouche]] of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty, from [[Deir el-Bahari]], Egypt. [[Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology]], London]]

Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage [[Thutmose III]] became the pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early modern scholars to have only served as [[regent]] alongside him.{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=130}} However, modern scholars agree that, while she initially served as regent for young Thutmose&nbsp;III from his accession in {{circa|1479&nbsp;BC}}, Hatshepsut eventually assumed the position of pharaoh alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, {{circa|1472&nbsp;BC}}; becoming [[queen regnant]], Hatshepsut shared Thutmose&nbsp;III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh to Year 1, when she had been merely regent.{{sfn|Hornung|Krauss|Warburton|2006|p=492}}{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}{{sfnm|Dorman|2005a|1p=88|Keller|2005|2p=96}}{{sfn|Fletcher|2013|p=156}}{{sfn|Stiebing|2016|p=177}}<ref>Valbelle, Dominique in {{harvnb|Emberling|Williams|2020|p=330}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cooney|2015}} Reviewed by {{harvnb|Sarll|2015}}.</ref> Although queen [[Sobekneferu]] and - possibly - [[Nitocris]], have previously assumed the role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler to do so in a time of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than her female predecessors.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2010|pp=181, 230}}{{sfn|Andronik|Fiedler|2001|p=20}}

Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described by ancient authors as having reigned for about 21–22 years, which included both her regency and her reign as queen regnant. [[Josephus]] and [[Julius Africanus]] follow the earlier testimony of [[Manetho]] (3rd century BC), mentioning a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Josephus as having been the sister of her predecessor.{{sfn|Waddell|1940|pp=100-101, 108-109, 110-111}} This woman was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's text, her reign is described as lasting for 21&nbsp;years and 9&nbsp;months,{{sfn|Waddell|1940|pp=100-101}}<ref>{{cite Josephus |PACEJ=1 |text=apion |bookno=1 |chap=1 |sec=15 |Perseus=1 |1=J. |2=Ap. |3=1.15 |show-translator=no}}</ref> while Africanus states it as 22 years, apparently [[rounding|rounding up]].{{sfn|Waddell|1940|pp=110-111}} The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes from Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose&nbsp;III; she is no longer mentioned in Year 22, when he undertook his first major foreign campaign.{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}{{sfn|Steindorff|Seele|1942|p=53}} This is compatible with the 21&nbsp;years 9&nbsp;months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would place the end of Hatshepsut's reign in Year 22 of Thutmose&nbsp;III.

Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult. Her father, Thutmose&nbsp;I, began his reign in either 1526&nbsp;BC or 1506&nbsp;BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign,{{sfn|Grimal|1988|page=204}} although the length of the reigns of Thutmose&nbsp;I and Thutmose&nbsp;II cannot be determined with certainty. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after her father's coronation;{{sfn|Gabolde|1987}} longer reigns would put her accession 25 years after his coronation.{{sfn|Grimal|1988|page=204}}

The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of [[Ramose and Hatnofer]], where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or [[amphora]] from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the date "Year 7".{{sfn|Tyldesley|1996|p=99}} Another jar from the same tomb, discovered ''in situ'' by a 1935–36 [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] expedition on a hillside near [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], was stamped with the seal of the "[[God's Wife]] Hatshepsut", and two jars bore the seal of "The Good Goddess Maatkare".{{sfn|Tyldesley|1996|p=99}} The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb", is undisputed, meaning that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh of Egypt—and no longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign.{{sfn|Tyldesley|1996|p=99}} She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Punt expedition, {{circa|1471&nbsp;BC}}; her last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, {{circa|1460&nbsp;BC}}, and she no longer appears in Year 22, {{circa|1458}}.{{sfn|Hornung|Krauss|Warburton|2006|p=492}}{{sfn|Hornung|2006|p=201}}