Editing Harold Stephen Black (section)

== Work ==
Amplifiers are unavoidably non-linear. Therefore, every time a signal is amplified in a telecommunications network, which can happen dozens of times in a circuit, noise and distortion are added.  Black first invented the [[feed-forward]] amplifier which compares the input and output signals and then negatively amplifies the distortion and combines the two signals, canceling out some of the distortion.  This amplifier design improved, but did not solve, the problems of transcontinental telecommunication.<ref name="black93">Harold Black and the Negative-Feedback Amplifier, Ronald Kline, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Aug 1993, Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 82-85</ref>

After years of work Black invented the negative feedback amplifier which uses negative feedback to reduce the gain of a high-gain, non-linear amplifier and makes it act as a low-gain, linear amplifier with much lower noise and distortion.  The Negative feedback amplifier allowed Bell system to reduce overcrowding of lines and extend its long-distance network by means of carrier telephony. It enabled the design of accurate fire-control systems in World War II, and it formed the basis of early [[operational amplifiers]], as well as precise, variable-frequency audio oscillators.<ref name="black93" />

According to Black<ref name = "HB 77"/> he got his inspiration to invent the negative feedback amplifier when he was traveling from [[New Jersey]] to [[New York City]] by taking a ferry to cross the [[Hudson River]] in August 1927.  Having nothing to write on he sketched his thoughts on a misprinted page of the New York Times and then signed and dated it.<ref name="black93" /> At that time, [[Bell Laboratories]] headquarters were located in 463 West Street, [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] instead of New Jersey and he lived in New Jersey such that he took the ferry every morning to go to work.

Fifty years after his 1927 invention, he published an article in IEEE Spectrum regarding the historical background of his invention.<ref name = "HB 77">Harold S. Black, "Inventing the negative feedback amplifier", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, pp. 54-60, Dec. 1977. (50th anniversary of Black's invention of negative feedback amplifier)</ref> He published a classical paper on [[negative feedback]] amplifier in 1934,<ref>H.S. Black, "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers", Electrical Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 114-120, Jan. 1934.</ref> which has been re-printed in the Proceedings of IEEE two times in 1984 and 1999<ref>H.S. Black, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1457189 Stabilized feed-back amplifiers]{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Proc. IEEE, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 716-722, June 1984.</ref><ref>H.S. Black, {{doi-inline|10.1109/JPROC.1999.740032 |Stabilized feed-back amplifiers}}, Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 379-385, Feb. 1999.</ref> Inside his 1934 classical paper "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers", he mentioned [[Harry Nyquist]]'s work on stability criterion because a negative feedback amplifier can be unstable and oscillate. Thus, with the help of Nyquist's theory, he managed to demonstrate a stable negative feedback amplifier which can be used in reality. [[Bernard Friedland]] wrote an introduction for the 1999 re-print in Proc. IEEE.<ref>B. Friedland, {{doi-inline|10.1109/JPROC.1999.740031|Introduction to "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers"}}, Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 376-378, Feb. 1999.</ref> James E. Brittain wrote about him in 1997.<ref name = "JB 97">J.E. Brittain., "Scanning the past: Harold S. Black and the negative feedback amplifier", Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 1335-1336, Aug. 1997.</ref><ref name = "HB 77"/>
An obituary regarding Black was published by IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control in 1984.<ref>* C.A. Desoer, [https://archive.today/20070705091656/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1103645 In memoriam: Harold Stephen Black], IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. AC-29, no. 8, pp. 673-674, Aug. 1984.</ref>

He also worked on [[pulse-code modulation]] and wrote a book on "Modulation Theory" ([[Van Nostrand (publisher)|Van Nostrand]], 1953). He held many patents the most famous of which was US Patent 2,102,671 "Wave Translation System", which was issued to Bell Laboratories in 1937, covering the negative feedback amplifier.<ref>{{US Patent|2102671}}</ref>