Editing Hanoi (section)

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|History of Vietnam}}

=== Pre-Thăng Long period ===

Many vestiges of human habitation from the late [[Palaeolithic]] and early [[Mesolithic]] ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of [[Sơn Vi Culture]], dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name=cl>{{cite web|title=Prehistoric Co Loa|date=3 August 2013|url=https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Phan|Nguyễn|Nguyễn|1997|p=27}} In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]]) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of {{Interlanguage link|Đồng Mô Lake|lt=Đồng Mô Lake|vi|Hồ Đồng Mô}} ([[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]], Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the [[Sơn Vi culture|Sơn Vi Culture]] dating back to the [[Paleolithic age|Paleolithic Age]] around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay|date=28 February 2014|url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=12}} Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.<ref name="cl" /> It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=159}}

==== Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue ====
In around third century BC, [[An Dương Vương]] established the capital of [[Âu Lạc]] north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as [[Cổ Loa]],{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14}} the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=111}} with an outer embankment covering 600 [[hectares]]. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by [[Nanyue]], which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his [[Nanyue]] domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.{{sfn|Jamieson|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=93}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1958|p=92}} For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=69}}

==== Hanoi under Chinese rule ====
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty [[Han conquest of Nanyue|conquered Nanyue]] and [[First Chinese domination of Vietnam|ruled it]] for the next several hundred years.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Đào Duy Anh|2016|p=42}} [[Han dynasty]] organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=72}}

In March{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}} of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of [[Lac Viet|Lac]] ethnicity{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} in [[Mê Linh district|Mê Linh]] district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}} It began at the [[Red River Delta]], but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}} Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=38}} In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}} The rebellion was defeated in the next year as [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in [[Luoyang]].{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=80}}

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Liu Song Dynasty|Liu Song]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]] as the [[county seat|seat]] of a new district called [[Tống Bình]] (Songping) within [[Jiaozhi Commandery|Giao Chỉ]] [[commandery (China)|commandery]].{{sfnp|Tran|1977|p=16}} The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD&nbsp;454 and 464.{{sfnp|Loewe|2004|p=60}}  The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] and [[Hoài Đức District|Hoài Đức]] districts) with a metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|language=es-ES|title=viajes a Vietnam|url=https://rutasvietnam.viajes/|website=rutasvietnam.viajes - ES}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

==== Protectorate of Annam ====
By the year 679, the [[Tang dynasty]] changed the region's name to [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annan]] ({{Cjkv|c={{linktext|安南}}|p=|v=An Nam|l=pacified south}}), with Songping as its capital.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn">{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062703/http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the [[Tang dynasty]], built Luocheng ({{Cjkv|c=羅城|v=La Thành}}) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now [[Ba Đình district]]. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ({{CJKV|v=Kim Thành}}). In 863, the kingdom of [[Nanzhao]], as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.<ref name="ZZTJ250">''Tư trị thông giám'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷250|quyển 250]].</ref>{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} In 866, Chinese [[jiedushi]] [[Gao Pian]] recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} He renamed the city to Daluocheng ({{Cjkv|c=大羅城|v=Đại La Thành}}). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=106}} Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China|chapter=Merchants of an Imperial Trade |series=New Approaches to Asian History|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=12–50 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01268-4|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220140357/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref> It became an important trading center of the [[Tang dynasty]] due to the ransacking of [[Guangzhou]] by the [[Huang Chao]] rebellion.<ref name="ZZTJ250" /> By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as '''Luqin'''.{{sfn|Park|2012|p=62}}

=== Hanoi under Independent Vietnam ===
==== Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh ====
In 1010, [[Lý Thái Tổ]], the first ruler of the [[Lý dynasty]], moved the capital of [[Đại Việt]] to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) – a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to [[Thanh Hóa]], then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".
<gallery>
File:Bản đồ kinh thành Thăng Long, theo Hồng Đức bản đồ sách 洪德版圖冊 (1490).jpg|Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 17th century.
File:Samuel Baron - The City of CHA-CHO, the Metropolis of TONQUEEN.jpg|A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from ''[[Royal Society]]''{{'}}s archive.
</gallery>
In 1408, the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ({{CJKV|c=東關|v=Đông Quan|l=eastern gate}}). In 1428, the [[Lam Sơn uprising]], under the leadership of [[Lê Lợi]], overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the [[Lê dynasty]] and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or [[Tonkin]]. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.{{sfn|Boudarel|Nguyen|Nguyễn|2002|p=19}} Right after the end of the [[Tây Sơn dynasty]], it was named Bắc Thành (北城).

=== During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period ===
<gallery>
File:Bản vẽ thành Hà Nội.jpg|Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.
File:Capture of hanoi 1873.jpg|French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.
File:Evacuation of French troops from Hanoi.jpg|French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 386890201-700231668290362-6321874136485636046-n-1696671806.jpg|Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749 and remained until now.
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- trie-n-la-m-a-nh-tha-nh-xu-a-pho-cu-1696679091.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Gai street)
File:I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 384832613-1098962017740420-8654642600285663600-n-1696671808.jpg|Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Bông street)
File:9343761968 c113c08f8d o-768x575.jpg|Hanoi street before French colonisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s
File:Pho-Cau-Go-1-1727691706.jpg|Rue du Point en Bois (now Cầu Gỗ street)
File:Pho-Hang-Dao-1-1727770693.jpg|Hàng Đào street and tram railway in late 1890s
File:Cua-Bac-Hoang-thanh-1-1727770085.jpg|Northern gate of Hanoi citadel, the only one survived until now.
</gallery>

When the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] was established in 1802, [[Gia Long]] moved the capital to [[Huế]]. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its [[chữ Hán]] was changed from 昇龍 ({{Literal translation|ascending dragon}}) to the homophone 昇隆 ({{Literal translation|ascent and prosperity}}), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty<!--tìm cách làm giảm tình cảm nhớ về nhà Lê-->.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Đặng Việt Thủy |last2=Đặng Thành Trung |title=54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân |place=Hà Nội |year=2008 | pages=286–287}}</ref> Emperors of Vietnam usually used [[Vietnamese dragon|dragon]] (龍 ''long'') as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was [[Battle of Hanoi (1873)|conquered and briefly occupied]] by the [[French Third Republic|French]] military in late 1873 and passed to them [[Battle of Hanoi (1882)|ten years later]]. As Hanoi, it was located in the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|protectorate of Tonkin]] and became the capital of [[French Indochina]] in 1902. Nominally it still belonged to the sovereignty of Vietnam ([[Nguyễn dynasty]]) under French protectorate in Tonkin, but since 1888 it had been a French concession and had directly been ruled by the French like [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Đà Nẵng trở thành thành phố nhượng địa của thực dân Pháp |url=http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |work=Lịch sử thành phố Đà Nẵng |agency=Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, 2001 |accessdate=29 April 2013 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725095350/http://www.danangpt.vnn.vn/danang/detail.php?id=12&a=92 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== During WWII, First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War ===
[[File:PP0045541 Arrivée à Hanoi de Mr Jessup.jpg|thumb|French High Commissioner in Indochina and [[State of Vietnam]] Prime Minister [[Nguyễn Phan Long]] visit Hanoi, 27 January 1951.]]
French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]] in September 1940, after the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]]. Japan overthrew the French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the [[August Revolution|fall]] of the [[Empire of Vietnam]], it became the capital of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (DRV) when [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal independence with the Hạ Long Bay Preliminary Agreement on 5 June 1948, Hanoi became under the control of the [[State of Vietnam]] from 1949 to 1954, an [[associated state]] within the [[French Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maury |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Cochinchine, Vietnam, 1945, Digithèque MJP |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250217195421/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=mjp.univ-perp.fr |language=fr-fr}}</ref> This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=93}}  After nine years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of [[North Vietnam]] when this territory became a [[sovereign state|sovereign country]] and Vietnam became [[1954 Geneva Conference|divided]] on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew that year and the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] of the DRV and [[International Control Commission]] occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the [[1954 Geneva Conference]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Vietnam: an Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-240566-1 |edition=1st |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper |oclc=1001744417}}</ref>

During the [[Vietnam War]] between North and South (1955–1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were attacked by the United States and [[South Vietnam]]ese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the [[fall of Saigon]], Hanoi became the capital of the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = The Associated Press
 | title = 2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen
 | pages = 1–2
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = Bangkok
 | date = 3 July 1976
 | url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
 | id = {{ProQuest|122960360}}
 | access-date = 26 October 2021
 | archive-date = 30 July 2022
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730094825/https://www.proquest.com/docview/122960360
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

=== Modern Hanoi ===
[[File:Police station Hoan Kiem.jpg|thumb|A local police station in a [[French Colonial]] building by [[Hoàn Kiếm lake]].]]
On 21 December 1978, the [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of [[Ba Vì district|Ba Vì]], [[Thạch Thất district|Thạch Thất]], [[Phúc Thọ district|Phúc Thọ]], [[Đan Phượng district|Đan Phượng]], [[Hoài Đức district|Hoài Đức]], and the town of [[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]] from [[Hà Sơn Bình province|Hà Sơn Bình Province]], and the districts of [[Mê Linh district|Mê Linh]] and [[Sóc Sơn district|Sóc Sơn]] from {{Interlanguage link|Vĩnh Phú Province|lt=Vĩnh Phú Province|vi|Vĩnh Phú (tỉnh)}}. The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to [[Hà Tây province|Hà Tây]] and Mê Linh to [[Vĩnh Phúc province|Vĩnh Phúc]] in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008.

After the [[Đổi Mới]] economic policies were approved in 1986, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for [[Urban planning|urban development]] projects in Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575">{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=William S. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam |jstor=40022968 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=559–575 |doi=10.5509/2005784559}}</ref> High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> Following a short period of economic stagnation after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" />

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that [[Hà Tây Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]'s [[Mê Linh District]] and four communes in [[Lương Sơn District]], [[Hòa Bình Province]] be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |access-date=6 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web
 |url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
 |title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội
 |work=Dantri
 |access-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924063714/http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
 |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref> with the new population being 6,232,940,<ref name="dantri.com.vn" /> effectively tripling its size. The [[Hanoi Capital Region]] ({{lang|vi|Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội}}), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of {{convert|13436|km2|0|abbr=out}} with 15 million people by 2020.

Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by a construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by [[Emporis]] in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100&nbsp;m; its two tallest buildings are [[Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower]] (336&nbsp;m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's [[Landmark 81]] and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's [[Petronas Towers]]) and [[Hanoi Lotte Center]] (272&nbsp;m, also, third tallest in Vietnam).

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]].<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> The [[Ba Đình District]] is also protected from commercial redevelopment.<ref name="Logan 2005 559–575" /> On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge [[2023 Hanoi building fire|fire in an apartment block]] in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in the rapidly expanding city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam fire: 56 dead and dozens injured in Hanoi apartment blaze |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66794751 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 September 2023}}</ref>