Editing Hampshire (section)

==History==

===Before the Roman Conquest===
{{Main|History of Hampshire}}
The region is believed to have been continuously occupied since the end of the [[Last Glacial Maximum|last Ice Age]] about 12,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Stephen |date=2006 |title=The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story |publisher=Carroll & Graf |isbn=9780786718900 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900}}</ref> At that time sea levels were lower and Britain was still attached by a land bridge to the European continent and predominantly covered with deciduous woodland. The first inhabitants were [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The British Museum: Prehistoric Britain |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/visit-resource_prehistoric-britain-KS2.pdf |page=6 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218232939/http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/visit-resource_prehistoric-britain-KS2.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of the population would have been concentrated around the river valleys.<ref name=HER>{{cite web |title=Hampshire County Council: The Atlas of Hampshire's Archaeology |url=http://documents.hants.gov.uk/archaeology/TheAtlasofHampshiresArchaeology.pdf |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063900/http://documents.hants.gov.uk/archaeology/TheAtlasofHampshiresArchaeology.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Over several thousand years the climate became progressively warmer and sea levels rose; the English Channel, which started out as a river, was a major inlet by 8000 BCE, although Britain was still connected to Europe by a land bridge across the North Sea until 6500 BCE.<ref>Gaffney, V, Fitch, S, and Smith, D, 2009, ''Europe's Lost World: The rediscovery of Doggerland''</ref> Notable sites from this period include [[Bouldnor Cliff]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimearchaeologytrust.org/bouldnor |title=Bouldnor Cliff |publisher=Maritime Archaeology Trust |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082418/http://www.maritimearchaeologytrust.org/bouldnor |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Danebury Fort - aerial image, Hampshire Data Portal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Danebury|Danebury Fort]] – aerial image]]
[[Agriculture]] was being practised in southern Britain by 4000 BCE and with it a [[Neolithic]] culture. Some deforestation took place at that time, although during the [[Bronze Age]], beginning in 2200 BCE, it became more widespread and systematic.<ref>Pryor, F, 2003, ''Britain BC''{{full citation needed|date=December 2019}}</ref> Hampshire has few monuments to show from those early periods, although nearby [[Stonehenge]] was built in several phases at some time between 3100 and 2200 BCE. In the very late Bronze Age fortified hilltop settlements known as [[hillforts]] began to appear in large numbers in many parts of Britain including Hampshire, and they became more and more important in the early and middle [[Iron Age]];<ref name= "CunliffeIronAge">Cunliffe, B, 2008, ''Iron Age Communities in Britain'', fourth edition</ref> many of them are still visible in the landscape today and can be visited, notably [[Danebury|Danebury Rings]], the subject of a major study by archaeologist [[Barry Cunliffe]]. By that period the people of Britain predominantly spoke a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]], and their culture shared much in common with the [[Celts]] described by classical writers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry W. |date=1997 |title=The Ancient Celts |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198150107}}</ref> The town of [[Bitterne]] (''Byterne'' in a reference from the late 11th century.<ref name="placenames">{{cite book |last=Mills |first=A.D. |title=Dictionary of English Place-Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1998 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-19-280074-4}}</ref>) shares the same root as the [[River Erne]], suggesting the name refers to the [[Iverni]].<ref name=roulston>Roulston, William J. ''Fermanagh: History and Society''. Geography Publications, 2004. pp.577-578.</ref><ref>[[Ptolemy]]. ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''. 2.2.6 (ed. K. Müller [Paris 1883–1901])</ref>

Hillforts largely declined in importance in the second half of the second century BCE, with many being abandoned. Probably around that period the first recorded invasion of Britain took place, as southern Britain was largely conquered by warrior-elites from [[Belgae|Belgic tribes]] of northeastern Gaul, but whether those two events were linked to the decline of hillforts is unknown. By the time of the Roman conquest the ''[[oppidum]]'' at [[Venta Belgarum]], modern-day Winchester, was the ''de facto'' regional administrative centre; Winchester was, however, of secondary importance to the Roman-style town of [[Calleva Atrebatum]], modern [[Silchester]], built further north by a dominant Belgic polity known as the [[Atrebates]] in the 50s BCE. Julius Caesar invaded south-eastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, but he never reached Hampshire. Notable sites from this period include [[Hengistbury Head]] (now in Dorset), which was a major port.<ref name="CunliffeIronAge" /><ref>Pryor, F, 2004, ''Britain BC''{{full citation needed|date=December 2019}}</ref>

===The Roman Era===

The Romans invaded Britain again in 43 CE and Hampshire was incorporated into the Roman province of Britannia very quickly. It is generally believed their political leaders allowed themselves to be incorporated peacefully. Venta became the capital of the administrative polity of the Belgae, which included most of Hampshire and Wiltshire and reached as far as Bath. Whether the people of Hampshire played any role in Boudicca's rebellion of 60–61 is not recorded, but evidence of burning is seen in Winchester dated to around that period.<ref>Cunliffe, B, 1991, ''Wessex to AD 1000'', p.218</ref> For most of the next three centuries southern Britain enjoyed relative peace. During the later part of the Roman period most towns built defensive walls; a pottery industry based in the New Forest exported items widely across southern Britain. A fortification near Southampton was called [[Clausentum]], part of the [[Saxon Shore]] forts, traditionally seen as either defences against maritime raids by Germanic tribes, or as a settlement area of Germanic tribes, which receives support from archaeological finds. Artefacts of a Germanic style have been found in burials, while there is also evidence of the presence of early Saxon settlement in southern England and the northern coasts of Gaul around [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] and [[Bayeux]].<ref>''CBA Report 18: The Saxon Shore'', pp. 63-67</ref> This, in turn, could mirror a well documented practice of deliberately settling Germanic tribes to strengthen Roman defences.

[[File:Aerial photograph of Portchester Castle, 1938.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Portchester Castle in June 1938]]
Portus Adurni was a [[Castra|Roman fort]] situated at the north end of [[Portsmouth Harbour]]. It was part of the [[Saxon Shore]], and is the best-preserved Roman fort north of the Alps.<ref>{{citation |last=Goodall |first=John |author-link=John Goodall (author) |title=Portchester Castle |publisher=English Heritage |year=2008 |orig-date=2003 |location=London |isbn=978-1-84802-007-8 |page=3}}</ref> Around an eighth of the fort has been excavated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Andrew |title=The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain |year=2002 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7524-1949-8 |page=146}}</ref> A Norman keep was added in the [[Middle Ages]], now known as [[Portchester Castle]]. The Romans withdrew from Britain in 410.<ref name="CunliffeWessex">Cunliffe, B, 1991, ''Wessex to AD 1000''</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=de la Bédoyère |first=Guy |date=2006 |title=Roman Britain: A New History |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500051405}}</ref><ref name="Pryor">Pryor, F, 2004, ''Britain AD''{{full citation needed|date=December 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Roman Road plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque on Freemantle Common marking the route of the Roman Road from Chichester to Bitterne]]
Two major Roman roads, [[Ermin Way]] and [[Port Way]], cross the north of the county connecting Calleva Atrebatum with [[Corinium Dobunnorum]], modern [[Cirencester]], and [[Old Sarum]] respectively. Other roads connected Venta Belgarum with Old Sarum, [[Wickham, Hampshire|Wickham]] and Clausentum. A road presumed to diverge from the [[Chichester to Silchester Way]] at Wickham connected [[Noviomagus Reginorum]], modern [[Chichester]], with Clausentum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Hugh |title=Roads in Roman Britain |date=2002 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7524-2503-X |pages=168–183}}</ref>

===The Jutes===

Records are sparse for the next 300 years, but later chroniclers speak of an influx of [[Jutes]]<ref>Leonard Neidorf, "The Dating of ''Widsith'' and the Study of Germanic Antiquity," ''Neophilologus'' (January 2013)</ref> – an amalgam of [[Cimbri]], [[Teutons]], [[Gutones]] and [[Charudes]] called ''Eudoses'',<ref>Tacitus, ''Germania'', [[wikisource:Germania#XLV|Germania.XLV]]</ref> ''Eotenas'',<ref>Stuhmiller, Jacqueline (1999). "On the Identity of the "Eotenas"". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. Modern Language Society. 100 (1): 7–14. JSTOR 43315276.</ref> ''Iutae''<ref>Martin, Kevin M. (1971). "Some Textual Evidence Concerning the Continental Origins of the Invaders of Britain in the Fifth Century". Latomus. 30 (1): 83–104. JSTOR 41527856.</ref> or ''Euthiones''<ref>{{cite book |last=Stenton |first = F.&nbsp;M. |year=1971 |title = Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition |publisher=OUP |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280139-5 }}</ref> in other sources - and recorded by Bede in his [[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]] in the early eighth century:
{{Blockquote|Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of Wight.|source=Bede (1910)<ref>{{cite wikisource |author=Bede |title=Ecclesiastical History of the English People |year=1910 |wslink=Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane) |translator1-last=Jane |translator1-first=L.C. |translator2-first=A.M. |translator2-last=Sellar |at=1.15}}</ref>}}

They initially settled Hampshire under [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] authority sometime after 476 AD,<ref>Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-263-9}}.</ref> forming several distinct [[Bookland (law)|folklands]] organized around a central geographical feature. Various place-names identify locations as Jutish, including [[Bishopstoke]] (''Ytingstoc''), the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]] (''Ytene'') and the [[River Meon|Meon Valley]] (''Ytedene'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title = Wessex in the Early Middle Ages |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |author-link=Barbara Yorke |isbn=0-415-16639-X |pages=37–39}}</ref> There in fact appear to be at least two Jutish folklands in Hampshire: one established along the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]] and one along the [[River Meon]]. Evidence of an early Germanic settlement has been found at [[Clausentum]], dated to the fifth century and likely the Visigothic center of power in the area, either independently or in conjunction with powerful Romano-British trading ports.<ref>Jillian Hawkins, "Words and Swords: People and Power along the Solent in the 5th Century" (2020)</ref> Nevertheless, [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] authority waned after 517 A.D and the settlements were gradually encroached upon by [[Sussex|South Saxons]].

===The Saxons===

The [[Wessex|West Saxons]] moved south in the late seventh century and incorporated Hampshire into their kingdom.{{efn|''Ytene'' is the [[genitive plural]] of ''Yte'' meaning "Jute", i.e. "of the Jutes".{{sfn|Stenton|1971|p=23}} [[Florence of Worcester]] talks about how [[William Rufus]] was slain in the New Forest and that in the English tongue (''Nova Foresta que lingua Anglorum'') the term for the New Forest was ''Ytene''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=Raymond Wilson |title = Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year=1912|oclc=459182809 |pages=231–241}}</ref>}} Around this period, the administrative region of "Hampshire" seems to appear - the name is attested as [[Hamwic]] and "Hamtunscir" in 755 AD<ref name="grant">{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Grant |title=The Real Counties of Britain |publisher=Lennard Publishing |year=1989 |location=Oxford |page=61 |isbn=1-85291-071-2}}</ref> - and suggests that control over the [[Solent]] was the motivating factor for establishment of the settlement.

Wessex, with its capital at Winchester,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Max |title=Ælfred's Britain |date=2017 |publisher=Head of Zeus Ltd |location=London |isbn=9781784080303 |pages=229–232}}</ref> gradually expanded westwards into Brythonic [[Dorset]] and [[Somerset]]. A statue in Winchester celebrates the powerful [[King Alfred]], who repulsed the Vikings and stabilised the region in the 9th century. A scholar as well as a soldier, the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], a powerful tool in the development of the English identity, was commissioned in his reign. King Alfred proclaimed himself "King of England" in 886 AD; but [[Athelstan]] of Wessex did not officially control the whole of England until 927 AD.<ref name="CunliffeWessex" /><ref name="Pryor" /><ref name = hindley>{{cite book |last=Hindley |first=Geoffrey |date=2006 |title=A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons |publisher=Robinson |isbn=9781845291617}}</ref><ref>Fleming, R, 2010, ''Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise 400 to 1070''</ref>

===Middle Ages onwards===

[[File:Southamptonia Atlas.jpg|thumb|250px|Hand-drawn map of Hampshire by Christopher Saxton from 1577]]

By the Norman Conquest, [[London]] had overtaken Winchester as the largest city in England<ref name="hindley" /> and after the Norman Conquest, [[William the Conqueror|King William I]] made London his capital. While the centre of political power moved away from Hampshire, Winchester remained an important city; the proximity of the [[New Forest]] to Winchester made it a prized royal hunting forest; [[William II of England|King William Rufus]] was killed while hunting there in 1100. There were 44 [[hundred (division)|hundred]]s, covering 483 named places, recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 which are in present-day Hampshire and part of Sussex.<ref name="Domesday">{{cite web |title=Open Domesday: Hampshire |url=https://opendomesday.org/county/hampshire/ |access-date= 31 July 2019 |archive-date= 16 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190116105847/https://opendomesday.org/county/hampshire/ |url-status= live}}</ref> From the 12th century, the ports grew in importance, fuelled by trade with the continent, wool and cloth manufacture in the county, and the fishing industry, and a shipbuilding industry was established. By 1523 at the latest, the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester.

[[File:UK Defence Imagery Naval Bases image 06.jpg|thumb|Portsmouth historic dockyard, 2005]]
Over several centuries, a series of [[castle]]s and [[fort]]s was constructed along the coast of the [[Solent]] to defend the harbours at Southampton and Portsmouth. These include the Roman [[Portchester Castle]] which overlooks [[Portsmouth Harbour]], and a series of forts built by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] including [[Hurst Castle]], situated on a sand [[spit (landform)|spit]] at the mouth of the Solent, [[Calshot Castle]] on another spit at the mouth of Southampton Water, and [[Netley Castle]]. Southampton and Portsmouth remained important harbours when rivals, such as [[Poole]] and [[Bristol]], declined, as they are amongst the few locations that combine shelter with deep water. ''[[Mayflower]]'' and ''[[Speedwell (1577 ship)|Speedwell]]'' set sail for America from Southampton in 1620.<ref>{{cite news |work=Southern Daily Echo |title=A look back at when the Mayflower and Speedwell left Southampton bound for America |url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15797810.A_look_back_at_when_the_Mayflower_and_Speedwell_left_Southampton_bound_for_America/ |date=29 December 2017 |author=Ian Crump |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114437/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15797810.A_look_back_at_when_the_Mayflower_and_Speedwell_left_Southampton_bound_for_America/ |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651) there were several skirmishes in Hampshire between the [[Royalist]] and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces. Principal engagements were the [[Siege of Basing House]] between 1643 and 1645, and the [[Battle of Cheriton]] in 1644; both were significant Parliamentarian victories. Other clashes included the [[Battle of Alton]] in 1643, where the commander of the Royalist forces was killed in the pulpit of the parish church,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mee |first1=Arthur |title=The King's England – Hampshire and the Isle of Wight |date=1967 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0-340-00083-X}}</ref> and the [[Siege of Portsmouth]] in 1642.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Siege of Portsmouth in the Civil War |last=Webb |first=John |year=1977 |publisher=Portsmouth City Council |isbn=0-901559-33-4}}</ref>

By the mid-19th century, with the county's population at 219,210 (double that at the beginning of the century) in more than 86,000 dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest) with cereals, peas, hops, honey, sheep and hogs important. Due to Hampshire's long association with pigs and boars, natives of the county have been known as ''Hampshire hogs'' since the 18th century.<ref name=hog>Hampshire County Council, 2003. "[http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2003/pr558hog.html Press Release: Hampshire's Hog has a home] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219184618/http://www.hants.gov.uk/press/2003/pr558hog.html |date=19 December 2003 }}</ref> In the eastern part of the county the principal port was Portsmouth (with its naval base, population 95,000), while several ports (including Southampton, with its steam docks, population 47,000) in the western part were significant. In 1868, the number of people employed in manufacture exceeded those in agriculture, engaged in silk, paper, sugar and lace industries, ship building and salt works. Coastal towns engaged in fishing and exporting agricultural produce. Several places were popular for seasonal sea bathing.<ref name=Gaz1868 /> The ports employed large numbers of workers, both land-based and seagoing; ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'', lost on her maiden voyage in 1912, was crewed largely by residents of Southampton.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barratt |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Barratt |title=Lost Voices From the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History |year=2009 |page=84 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-1-84809-151-1}}</ref>

On 16 October 1908, [[Samuel Franklin Cody]] made the first powered flight of {{cvt|400|yd|m}} in the United Kingdom at [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]], then home to the Army Balloon Factory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Army Flying |publisher=Edupub |location=Wigginton |pages=4–5}}{{full citation needed|date=December 2019}}</ref>

===Modern era===
Hampshire played a crucial role in both World Wars due to the large [[Royal Navy]] [[HMNB Portsmouth|naval base]] at Portsmouth, the army camp at [[Aldershot]], and the military [[Netley Hospital]] on Southampton Water, as well as its proximity to the army training ranges on [[Salisbury Plain]] and the [[Isle of Purbeck]]. [[Supermarine]], the designers of the [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] and other military aircraft, were based in Southampton, which led to severe bombing of the city in [[World War II]]. Aldershot remains one of the [[British Army]]'s main permanent camps. [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]] is a major centre for the aviation industry.

During World War II, the [[Beaulieu, Hampshire|Beaulieu]] estate of Lord Montagu in the New Forest was the site of several group B finishing schools for agents<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_training_01.shtml |title=Training SOE Saboteurs in World War Two |last=Ross |first=Bernie |date=17 February 2011 |website=BBC |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222151408/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_training_01.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> operated by the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) between 1941 and 1945. (One of the trainers was [[Kim Philby]] who was later found to be part of a spy ring passing information to the Soviets.) In 2005, a special exhibition was established at the Estate, with a video showing photographs from that era as well as voice recordings of former SOE trainers and agents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4349121.stm |title=Wartime school for spies revealed |website=BBC News |date=15 March 2005 |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118124016/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4349121.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lett2016">{{cite book |last=Lett |first=Brian |title=SOE's Mastermind: The Authorised Biography of Major General Sir Colin Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JO0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |date=30 September 2016 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-6382-8 |page=155 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528114241/https://books.google.com/books?id=3JO0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the [[Isle of Wight]] has at times been part of Hampshire, it has been administratively independent for over a century, obtaining a [[county council]] of its own in 1890. The Isle of Wight became a full [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]] in 1974. Apart from a shared [[Hampshire Constabulary|police force]], no formal administrative links now exist between the Isle of Wight and Hampshire, though many organisations still combine Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.

In the 1970s, local government reorganisation led to a reduction in Hampshire's size; in 1974, the towns of [[Bournemouth]] and [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] were transferred to [[Dorset]].<ref name=lga1972>{{cite book |title=Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70 |publisher=The Stationery Office Ltd |isbn=0-10-547072-4 |year=1997}}</ref>