Editing Hainan (section)

==History==
[[File:Hainan 1820-1875.jpg|thumb|19th century map of Hainan]]

===Prehistoric era===
According to some scholars, Hainan was originally attached to the Northeastern part of what is now [[Vietnam]]; however, the island was formed after it physically broke away from [[Vietnam]] due to a [[volcanic eruption]] and drifted southeast near China after the [[Mesozoic]], millions of years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.scmp.com/news/china/article/1938422/chinas-southern-island-hainan-born-out-vietnam-millions-years-ago-study|title=China's southern island of Hainan born out of Vietnam millions of years ago: study|last=Chen|first=Stephen|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813103311/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1938422/chinas-southern-island-hainan-born-out-vietnam-millions-years-ago-study|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Baiyue people]] are among the earliest [[Kra-Dai]] residents to arrive on Hainan island. They are believed to have settled there at least two to six thousand years ago, and carry genetic markers from ancient people who reached the island between 7000&ndash;27,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=15 February 2011|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-46|last1=Peng|first1=Min-Sheng|last2=He|first2=Jun-Dong|last3=Liu|first3=Hai-Xin|last4=Zhang|first4=Ya-Ping|volume=11|issue=1 |page=46|pmid=21324107|pmc=3048540 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11...46P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Imperial Era===
[[File:Five officials haikou 2010 01.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the five lords, or five famous exiles to Hainan island]]
Hainan Island was recorded by Chinese officials in 110 BC, when the Western [[Han dynasty]] established a military [[garrison]] there following the arrival of [[Lu Bode|General Lu Bode]]. The process of [[sinicization]] in Hainan was driven by the conjunction of Han territorial expansion and the arrival of Han Chinese military and administrative personnel who settled on the island.   Over the course of many centuries, dynastic Chinese ruling authorities exiled individuals condemned by the imperial courts as criminals or political dissidents were frequently banished to Hainan island and northern Vietnam, regions that were both integral parts governed typically under the jurisdiction of Guangdong province during different Chinese dynasties, where they were subjected to harsh labor in the tropical climate as a form of punishment.

One of the most famous exiled individuals was [[Su Shi]], a well-known intellectual, poet, and politician of the Song era, who offended many of his colleagues and superiors in the royal court. Shi wrote extensively about his exiled experiences on the island during the 11th century AD. After the 11th century AD, large numbers of Han Chinese people from Fujian and Guangdong began migrating to the Leizhou peninsula and Hainan island to settle down their roots by seeking greener pastures on new land to establish themselves. This influx displaced the indigenous Li people, who were among the [[Baiyue]] tribes in southern China, driving them out towards the mountainous regions of the southern portion of the island. Hainan was placed under the administration of Guangdong by the ruling Ming dynasty.

===Republic of China===
Hainan was historically part of [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]] Provinces and as such was the Qiongya [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖道}}) under the 1912 establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC). In 1921, it was planned to become a [[Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions|special administrative region]] ({{lang|zh-hant|瓊崖特別行政區}}); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 [[Counties of the People's Republic of China#History|counties]], including the [[South China Sea Islands]].

The [[Hainan Island Operation|Japanese occupied the island]] in 1939 during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].{{sfn|Murray|2017|p=73}} The surviving ROC forces retreated into the interior and demanded material support from the indigenous [[Hlai people]].{{sfn|Murray|2017|p=108}} The ROC suppressed the Hlai's revolt, the Baisha Uprising, and executed reprisals;{{sfn|Murray|2017|pp=113–114}} the Hlai subsequently allied with the Communist's Hainan Independent Column led by [[Feng Baiju]].{{sfn|Murray|2017|pp=114–118}}

The ROC restablished control over the island after the [[Second World War]].{{sfn|Murray|2017|pp=129–130}} With the resumption of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the ROC was unable to suppress the islands' Communist movement, but the movement was also too weak to take control of the island.{{sfn|Murray|2017|p=160}} By 1950, the Communists controlled most of mainland China, founded the People's Republic of China (PRC), and were seeking to conquer the islands along the coast.<ref>{{cite book |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne | author-link = Odd Arne Westad |date=2003 |title=Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950 |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=297–301 |isbn=0-8047-4478-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Westad|2003|pp=297–301}} The PRC [[Battle of Hainan Island|invaded]] on 16 April 1950{{sfn|Murray|2017|p=148}} and was in control of the island by 1 May.{{sfn|Murray|2017|p=148}}

===People's Republic of China===
[[File:爱情海酒店 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A beachside resort in [[Sanya]], the second largest city in Hainan]]
On 1 May 1950, under the People's Republic of China, the Hainan Special Administrative Region became an Administrative Region Office ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区公署}}), a branch of the Guangdong provincial government. During the mid-1980s, when Hainan Island was still part of Guangdong Province, a fourteen-month episode of marketing zeal by Hainan Special District Administrator Lei Yu<ref>Subsequently Vice Mayor of Shenzhen SEZ (May 1985 to January 1988), Executive Vice Mayor of Guangzhou (January 1988 to April 1992) and Vice Chairman of Guangxi AR (April 1992 to January 1996).</ref> put Hainan's pursuit of provincial status under a cloud. It involved the duty-free imports from [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] of 90,000 Japanese-made cars and trucks at a cost of [[Renminbi|¥]]&nbsp;4.5 billion (US$1.5 billion), and exporting them – with the help of local naval units – to the mainland, making 150% profits. By comparison, only 10,000 vehicles were imported into Hainan since 1950. In addition, it involved further consignments of 2.9 million TV sets, 252,000 videocassette recorders & 122,000 motorcycles. The money was taken from the 1983 central government funds destined for the construction of the island's transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, harbors) over the next ten years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

On 1 October 1984, it became the Hainan Administrative Region ({{lang|zh-hans|海南行政区}}), with its own People's Government, and finally as a province separate from [[Guangdong]] four years later. In 1988, when the island was made a separate province, it was designated a [[Special economic zones of China|Special Economic Zone]] in an effort to increase investment.

The central government funds were deemed insufficient by the Hainan authorities for the construction of the island's other infrastructure (e.g. water works, power stations, telecommunications) and had taken a very liberal interpretation of the economic and trade regulations for Hainan and thirteen coastal cities; the regulations did not mention on prohibiting the re-selling of second-hand goods. Some of the proceeds, from unsold units, were later retrieved by the central government to re-finance the special district.

In June 2020, China announced a master plan for Hainan's free trade port system. Announced by state-owned media Xinhua News Agency, Hainan will "basically establish a free trade port system by 2025 and become more mature by 2035."<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Focus: China releases master plan for Hainan free trade port – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/02/c_139105952.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604031928/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/02/c_139105952.htm|archive-date=4 June 2020|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Verde|first=Giacomo|date=2 June 2020|title=Hainan Free Trade Port – 60 Policies for Foreign Investments|url=https://www.fdichina.com/blog/hainan-free-trade-port/|access-date=13 March 2021|website=FDI China|language=en-US|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216001221/https://www.fdichina.com/blog/hainan-free-trade-port/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South China Morning Post]] described such an initiative as an effort of PRC to "replace Hong Kong as the trading entrepôt" while Cheng Shi of ICBC International has refused to accept such a claim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion: Hainan Will Be Its Own Thing, Not Another Hong Kong – Caixin Global|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-02/opinion-hainan-will-be-its-own-thing-not-another-hong-kong-101574754.html|access-date=13 March 2021|website=www.caixinglobal.com|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215194756/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-02/opinion-hainan-will-be-its-own-thing-not-another-hong-kong-101574754.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=Questions raised over Hainan free port plan and WTO rules|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3088593/chinas-massive-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-raises-questions|access-date=13 March 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215194807/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3088593/chinas-massive-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-raises-questions|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, experts have raised concerns about the question of compliance of global trading practices particularly for this project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2020|title=Questions linger over China's Hainan free-trade hub|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3092477/chinas-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-draws-approval-and|access-date=13 March 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215194756/https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3092477/chinas-hainan-free-trade-port-plan-draws-approval-and|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenderdine|first=Tristan|title=China's Ocean Policy Specialist to Miss Out on 20th Central Committee|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-ocean-policy-specialist-to-miss-out-on-20th-central-committee/|access-date=13 March 2021|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215194756/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-ocean-policy-specialist-to-miss-out-on-20th-central-committee/|url-status=live}}</ref>