Editing Haifa (section)

==Locations and names==
===Sycaminum and Efa===
The earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was the city Sycaminum.<ref name=Dumperp159 /> The remains of the ancient town can be found in a coastal [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]], or archaeological mound, known in Hebrew as {{Transliteration|he|[[Tel Shikmona]]}},<ref name=Sharon /> meaning 'mound of the [[Ficus sycomorus]]', and in Arabic as {{Transliteration|ar|Tell el-Semak}} or {{Transliteration|ar|Tell es-Samak}}, meaning 'mound of the [[sumak]] trees', names that preserved and transformed the ancient name, by which the town is mentioned once in the [[Mishnah]] (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it.<ref name=Sharon>{{cite book |last=Sharon |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Sharon |author2=Fondation Max van Berchem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA99 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae addendum: squeezes in the Max van Berchem collection (Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Northern Syria) |edition=Illustrated |publisher=BRILL |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15780-4 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014841/https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC&pg=PA99 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=PEF1875 />

The name ''Efa'' first appears during [[Palestine (region)#Roman rule (63 BC)|Roman rule]], some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona.<ref name=Dumperp159>{{Cite book |last1=Dumper |first1=Michael |last2=Stanley |first2=Bruce E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA159 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803074834/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sharon/> Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the [[Talmud]], a work central to Judaism.<ref name=Sharon />

''Hefa'' or ''Hepha'' in [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]'s 4th-century work, ''Onomasticon'',<ref>''Onom.'' 108, 31</ref> is said to be another name for Sycaminus.<ref name=Negev>{{cite book |pages=213–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA213 |title=Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land |first1=Avraham |last1=Negev |first2=Shimon |last2=Gibson |edition=4th, revised, illustrated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8264-8571-7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231716/https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA213 |url-status=live}}</ref> This synonymizing of the names is explained by [[Moshe Sharon]], who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls Haifa-Sycaminon, gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by the Greek names Sycaminon or Sycaminos Polis.<ref name=Sharon /> References to this city end with the Byzantine period.<ref name=Judaica/>

===Porphyreon===
Around the 6th century, ''Porphyreon'' or ''Porphyrea'' is mentioned in the writings of [[William of Tyre]],{{dubious|WRONG! W.o.T. lived 600 years later|date=October 2019}} and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon.<ref name=Judaica/><ref name=Sharon/>

===Early Muslim Haifa===
Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, ''Haifa'' was used to refer to a site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona).<ref name=Sharon /> Haifa (or Haifah) is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler [[Nasir Khusraw]], and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers, [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] and [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]].<ref name=Strange /> [[Nasir-i-Khusrau]] visited in 1047; he noted that "Haifa lies on the seashore, and there are here palm-gardens and trees in numbers. There are in this town shipbuilders, who build very large craft."<ref>{{cite book |author=Nasir-i-Khusrau |author-link=Nasir Khusraw |title=Vol IV. A journey through Syria and Palestine. By Nasir-i-Khusrau [1047 A.D.]. The pilgrimage of Saewulf to Jerusalem. The pilgrimage of the Russian abbot Daniel. |editor=Le Strange, Guy |editor-link=Guy Le Strange |translator=Guy Le Strange |publisher=[[Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society]] |location=London |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534281 |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028534281#page/n48/mode/1up 19]-[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534281/page/n49/mode/1up?view=theater 20]}}</ref>

===Crusader Caiphas===
The Crusaders, who [[Siege of Haifa (1100)|captured]] Haifa briefly in the 12th century, called it ''Caiphas'',<ref name=Dumperp159/> and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name of [[Simon Peter]].<ref name=PEF1875>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme07pale/quarterlystateme07pale_djvu.txt |title=Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund |publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |year=1876 |access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa as ''Caiaphas civitas'',<ref name=Rodgersp194>{{cite book |last1=Freyne |first1=Seán |last2=Rodgers |first2=Zuleika |last3=Daly-Denton |first3=Margaret |last4=Fitzpatrick-McKinley |first4=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I8zfmwEjjUC&pg=PA194 |title=A wandering Galilean: essays in honour of Seán Freyne |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17355-2 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014708/https://books.google.com/books?id=5I8zfmwEjjUC&pg=PA194 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Benjamin of Tudela]], the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding to [[Caiaphas]], the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus.<ref name=PEF1875 />

===Late Ottoman "Old Haifa"===
{{Transliteration|apc|Haifa al-'Atiqa}} (Arabic: "Ancient Haifa") is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of a hamlet of 250 residents, before the settlement was moved in 1764–1765 to the site from which the modern city emerged.<ref name=Seikalyp15/>

===Haifa al-Jadida (New Haifa) and modern Haifa===
In 1764–1765 [[Zahir al-Umar]] moved the village to a new site {{convert|1+1/2|mi|km|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=off}} to the east, which he also fortified.<ref name=Seikalyp15>{{cite book |page=15 |title=Haifa: Transformation of an Arab Society 1918–1939 |first=May |last=Seikaly |edition=Illustrated, reprint |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-86064-556-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO4ECBQfh2oC&pg=PA65 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011437/https://books.google.com/books?id=XO4ECBQfh2oC&pg=PA65 |url-status=live}}</ref> The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called {{Transliteration|apc|al-imara al-jadida}} (Arabic: "the new construction") by some, but others residing there called it {{Transliteration|apc|Haifa al-Jadida}} ("New Haifa") at first, and then simply ''Haifa''.<ref name=Bosworth>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |pages=149–151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA149 |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |edition=Illustrated |publisher=BRILL |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15388-2 |access-date=2 July 2011 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408132617/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA149 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with many [[Arab Christian]]s in an overall neighborhood in which many [[Mizrahi Jews|Middle Eastern Jews]] were established inhabitants, as Haifa expanded outward from its new location.{{sfn|Seikaly|2002|p=65}}