Editing György Ligeti (section)

===Early life===
Ligeti was born in 1923 at Diciosânmartin (''Dicsőszentmárton''; renamed to [[Târnăveni]] in 1941) in [[Romania]], to Dr. Sándor Ligeti and Dr. Ilona Somogyi. His family was [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jewish]]. He was the great-grandnephew of violinist [[Leopold Auer]] and second cousin of Hungarian philosopher [[Ágnes Heller]].{{sfn|Hauptfeld|Heller|2018|loc=22}}{{sfn|Searby|2010|loc=3}} Some sources say he was Auer's grandnephew, rather than great-grandnephew.<ref name="Griffiths 2001">{{harvnb|Griffiths|2001}}</ref>

Ligeti recalled that his first exposure to languages other than Hungarian came one day while listening to a conversation between Romanian-speaking town police. Before that, he didn't know that other languages existed.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{harvnb|Tusa|2001}}</ref> He moved to [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]] with his family when he was six years old. He did not return to the town of his birth until the 1990s. In 1940, [[Northern Transylvania]] became part of Hungary following the [[Second Vienna Award]], thus Cluj became part of Hungary as well.

In 1941 Ligeti received his initial musical training at the [[Gheorghe Dima National Music Academy|conservatory in Kolozsvár (Cluj)]],<ref name="bio"/> and during the summers privately with [[Pál Kadosa]] in Budapest. In 1944, Ligeti's education was interrupted when he was sent to a [[The Holocaust#Hungary|forced labor brigade]] by the [[Hungary in World War II|Horthy regime]] during events of the Holocaust.<ref name="Griffiths 2001"/> His brother Gábor, age 16, was deported to the [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp]] and both of his parents were sent to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. His mother was the only person to survive in his immediate family.{{sfn|Steinitz|2003|loc=20}}

Following [[World War II]], Ligeti returned to his studies in Budapest, graduating in 1949 from the [[Franz Liszt Academy of Music]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Swed |first=Mark |date=13 June 2006 |title=Gyorgy Ligeti, 83; a Mercurial Composer Who Despised Dogmas |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51857164/ligeti-obituary-swed/ |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=Los Angeles |page=89 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> He studied under Pál Kadosa, [[Ferenc Farkas]], [[Zoltán Kodály]] and [[Sándor Veress]]. He conducted [[ethnomusicology|ethnomusicological]] research into the [[Hungarian folk music]] of Transylvania. However, after a year he returned to Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, this time as a teacher of [[harmony]], [[counterpoint]], and [[musical analysis]]. He secured this position with the help of Kodály and held it from 1950 to 1956.<ref name="bio" /> As a young teacher, Ligeti took the unusual step of regularly attending the lectures of an older colleague, the conductor, and musicologist [[Lajos Bárdos]], a conservative Christian whose circle represented a safe haven for Ligeti. The composer acknowledged Bárdos's help and advice in the prefaces to his two harmony textbooks (1954 and 1956).{{sfn|Steinitz|2003|loc=31}} Due to the restrictions of the [[communism|communist]] government, communications between Hungary and the West by then had become difficult, and Ligeti and other artists were effectively cut off from recent developments outside the [[Eastern Bloc]].