Editing Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (section)

==Exile in Pakistan==
The arrival of Afghan opposition militants in [[Peshawar]] coincided with a period of diplomatic tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan, due to Daoud's revival of the [[Pashtunistan]] issue.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Under the patronage of Pakistani General [[Naseerullah Babar]], then governor of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and with the blessing of Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], camps were set up to train Hekmatyar and other anti-Daoud Islamists.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kleveman|first=Lutz|title=The New Great Game: Blood And Oil In Central Asia|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-4172-9|page=239|year=2003}}</ref> The Islamist movement had two main tendencies: the ''Jamiat-e islami'' ("Islamic society") led by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], that advocated a [[Gradualism|gradualist]] strategy to gain power, through infiltration of society and the state apparatus. Rabbani advocated for the "building of a widely based movement that would create popular support".<ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0106)|title=Afghanistan: Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975–79|accessdate=2008-07-11|year=1997|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> The other movement, called ''Hezb-i Islami'' ("Islamic Party"), was led by Hekmatyar, who favored a radical approach in the form of violent armed conflict. Pakistani support largely went to Hekmatyar's group, who, in October 1975, undertook to instigate an uprising against the government. Without popular support, the rebellion ended in complete failure, and hundreds of militants were arrested.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy (professor)|title=Islam and resistance in Afghanistan|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]]|isbn=978-0-521-39700-1|page=76}}</ref>

Hekmatyar's [[Hezb-e-Islami]] was formed as an elitist [[avant-garde]] based on a strictly disciplined [[Islamist]] ideology within a homogeneous organization that [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] described as "[[Leninism|Leninist]]", and employed the rhetoric of the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref>Roy, ''Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan'', p. 78</ref> It had its operational base in the Nasir Bagh, Worsak and Shamshatoo refugee camps in Pakistan. In these camps, Hezb-i Islami formed a social and political network and operated everything from schools to prisons, with the support of the Pakistani government and their [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI).<ref>[http://news.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA110091995?open&of=ENG-310 Document Information| Amnesty International]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023213449/http://news.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA110091995?open&of=ENG-310 |date=October 23, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373427|title=Shamshatoo Refugee Camp: A Base of Support for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|accessdate=2008-07-04|last=Marzban|first=Omid|date=24 May 2007|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821184224/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373427|archivedate=August 21, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1976 to 1977 Afghan President Daoud made overtures to Pakistan which led to reconciliation with Pakistani leader Bhutto.<ref name="Library of Congress"/> Bhutto's support to Hekmatyar, however, continued and when Bhutto was removed from power in Pakistan by [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] in 1977, Zia continued supporting Hekmatyar.<ref name=Hussain>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|title=Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate Pub Ltd|isbn=978-0754644347|page=105|quote=Hekmatyar ... had stayed on in Pakistan since 1973 and with Pakistan's incitement, his group started low level operations against the PDPA administration in 1978. Hekmatyar was openly supported by the leaders of the Pakistani Jamaat-i Islami and according to then [Pakistani] Major-General Kamal Matinuddin 'the late President Zia gave him maximum support ...'}}</ref>