Editing Guizhou (section)

== History ==
[[File:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B13 050-QVEICHEV, IMPERII SINARVM PROVINCIA DECIMAQUATRA.jpeg|thumb|left|Guizhou in 1655.]]
Evidence of settlement by humans during the [[Middle Palaeolithic]] is indicated by stone artefacts, including [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] pieces, found during archaeological excavations at [[Guanyindong|Guanyindong Cave]]. These artefacts have been dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago using [[optically stimulated luminescence]] methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yue |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Jia-Fu |last4=Rui |first4=Xue |last5=Hou |first5=Ya-Mei |last6=Yue |first6=Jian-Ping |last7=Chen |first7=Wen-Rong |last8=Huang |first8=Wei-Wen |last9=Li |first9=Bo |title=Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7737 |pages=82–85 |date=19 November 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1|pmid=30455423 |s2cid=53873016 }}</ref>

From around 1046 BC to the emergence of the [[Qin (state)|State of Qin]], northwest Guizhou was part of the [[Shu (state)|State of Shu]].<ref name=lp>{{cite book|title=South-West China|edition=2|first1=Bradley|last1=Maygew|first2=Korina|last2=Miller|first3=Alex|last3=English|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2002|chapter=Facts about South-West China - History|pages=16–20, 24}}</ref> During the [[Warring States period]], the Chinese state of [[Chu (state)|Chu]] conquered the area, and control later passed to the [[Dian Kingdom]]. During the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 AD), to which the Dian was tributary, Guizhou was home to the [[Yelang]] collection of tribes, which largely governed themselves before the Han consolidated control in the southwest and established the [[Lingnan]] province.<ref name=lp/> During the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, parts of Guizhou were governed by the [[Shu Han]] state based in [[Sichuan]], followed by [[Cao Wei]] (220–266) and the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] (266–420).<ref name=lp/>

During the 8th and 9th centuries in the [[Tang dynasty]], Chinese soldiers moved into Guizhou (Kweichow) and married native women. Their descendants are known as ''Lǎohànrén'' ({{lang|zh|老汉人}}), in contrast to new Chinese who populated Guizhou at later times. They still speak an archaic dialect.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8cAAAAMAAJ&q=In+some+parts,+as+for+example+in+Kweichow,+the+distinction+is+made+between+the+Lao-han-jen+or+%22+Original+Chinese+%22+and+the++claim+ancestry+in+the+region+from+as+early+as+the+eighth+and+ninth+centuries+%3B+these+ancestors+were+as+a+rule+soldier-colonists+who+married+native+women,+and+their+descendants+speak+an+archaic+dialect.+The+new+Chinese,+much+more|title=Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45-46|author=Scottish Geographical Society|year=1929|publisher=Royal Scottish Geographical Society.|page=70|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married these pre-Chinese women.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqcSAAAAIAAJ&q=Among+them+were+forced+or+voluntary+immigrants+who+came+as+families+or+clans,+garrison+soldiers+without+families+who+married+women+from+non-Chinese+groups,+and+in+more+recent+years+farmers,+business+and+professional+men,+and+officials.|title=The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1|author=Margaret Portia Mickey|year=1947|publisher=The Museum|page=6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

[[Kublai Khan]] and [[Möngke Khan]] conquered the Chinese southwest in the process of defeating the Song during the [[Mongol conquest of China|Mongol invasion of China]], and the newly established [[Yuan dynasty]] (1279–1368) saw the importation of [[Chinese Muslim]] administrators and settlers from [[Bukhara]] in Central Asia.<ref name=lp/>

[[File:海龙屯 新王宫遗址.jpg|thumb|In 1600, [[Hailongtun]] fortress in [[Zunyi]] saw the last battle of the 10-year-long [[Bozhou Rebellion]].]]

It was during the following [[Ming dynasty]], which was once again led by [[Han Chinese]], that Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413. The Ming established many [[garrison]]s in Guizhou from which to pacify the [[Yao people|Yao]] and [[Miao people|Miao]] minorities during the [[Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)|Miao Rebellions]].<ref name=lp/> Chinese-style agriculture flourished with the expertise of farmers from Sichuan, [[Hunan]] and its surrounding provinces into Guizhou. [[Wu Sangui]] was responsible for the ousting the Ming in Guizhou and [[Yunnan]] during the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Manchu conquest of China]]. During the governorship-general of the [[Qing dynasty]]'s nobleman [[Ortai]], the ''[[tusi]]'' system of indirect governance of the southwest was abolished, prompting rebellions from disenfranchised chieftains and the further centralization of government. After the [[Second Opium War]], criminal [[Triad (organized crime)|triads]] set up shop in Guangxi and Guizhou to sell British [[opium]]. For a time, [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping Rebels]] took control of Guizhou, but they were ultimately suppressed by the Qing.<ref name=lp/> Concurrently, Han Chinese soldiers moved into the [[Taijiang County|Taijiang]] region of Guizhou, married Miao women, and their children were brought up as Miao.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wOBAAAAMAAJ&q=Despite+such+conflict,+Jin+Dan+informed+me+that,+in+the+past,+some+Miao+women+in+the+Taijiang+area+married+Han+soldiers,+though+the+children+were+raised+as+Miao.+Memories+also+exist+of+Nationalist+troops,+in+the+decades+before+1949|title=Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography, Issue 7|year=1988|publisher=Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography|page=99|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLERRaLvOXEC&q=taijiang+miao+rebellion&pg=PR17|title=Butterfly mother: Miao (Hmong) creation epics from Guizhou, China|author1=Dan Jin |author2=Xueliang Ma |author3=Mark Bender |year=2006|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0-87220-849-4|page=xvii|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

More unsuccessful Miao rebellions occurred during the Qing, in [[Miao Rebellion (1735–36)|1735]], from [[Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)|1795–1806]]<ref name="elleman">{{cite book|last=Elleman|first=Bruce A.|title=Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesewar00elle|url-access=limited|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-21474-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernchinesewar00elle/page/n19 7]–8|location=London|chapter=The Miao Revolt (1795–1806)}}</ref> and from [[Miao Rebellion (1854–73)|1854–1873]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou: The "Miao" Rebellion, 1854-1873 |author=Robert D. Jenks |year=1994 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=2 |isbn=0-8248-1589-0}}</ref> After the [[Xinhai Revolution|overthrow of the Qing]] in 1911 and following [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] took refuge in Guizhou during the [[Long March]] (1934–1935).<ref name=lp/> While the province was formally ruled by the [[Warlord era|warlord]] [[Wang Jialie]], the [[Zunyi Conference]] in Guizhou established [[Mao Zedong]] as the leader of the Communist Party. As the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] pushed China's [[Nationalist Government]] to its southwest base of [[Chongqing]], transportation infrastructure improved as Guizhou was linked with the [[Burma Road]].<ref name="Hutchings">{{cite book|title=Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change|first=Graham|last=Hutchings|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|chapter=Guizhou Province|pages=176–177}}</ref> After the end of the War, a [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|1949 Revolution]] swept Mao into power, who promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and American attacks. The [[1957–1958 influenza pandemic|1957 influenza pandemic]] started in Guizhou and killed a million people around the world. After the [[Chinese economic reform]] began in 1978, geographical factors led Guizhou to become the poorest province in China, with a GDP growth average of 9 percent from 1978 to 1993.<ref name="Hutchings"/>