Editing Guangzhou (section)

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

=== Prehistory ===
[[File:Si lü yu yi.JPG|thumb|right|180px|The [[jade burial suit]] of [[Zhao Mo]] in Guangzhou's [[Nanyue King Museum]]]]
A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.<ref>{{citation |last=Short |first=John R. |title=Human Settlement |page=212 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992}}</ref><ref>{{citation |editor=Peter Haggett |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |volume=20: ''China and Taiwan'' |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |page=2844}}</ref> Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of [[King Nan of Zhou]],<ref name=anatomy>{{harvp|Gray|1875|p=1–2}}</ref><ref name=acc>{{harvp|''ACC''|1845|p= 82}}</ref> [[list of Zhou emperors|emperor]] of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.<ref name=anatomy/><ref name=acc/>

=== Nanyue===
Guangzhou, then known as '''Panyu''', was founded on the eastern bank of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] in 214 BC.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=37}} Ships commanded by [[tradesperson]]s arrived on the South China coast in the late [[antiquities|antiquity]]. Surviving records from the [[Tang dynasty]] confirm, that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions. Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book | author1= Michael Sheridan |title=The Gate to China: A New History of the People's Republic and Hong Kong |publisher=  Oxford University Press |year=2021 |page=11 |isbn= 9780197576236 }}</ref>

Panyu was the seat of [[Qin Empire]]'s [[Nanhai Commandery]], and served as a base for the [[Qin conquest of Guangdong|first invasion]] of the [[Baiyue]] lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.<ref>{{harvp|Gray|1875|p= 3}}</ref> Upon the [[fall of the Qin]], General [[Zhao Tuo]] established the kingdom of [[Nanyue]] and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the [[Chu-Han Contention]], although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the [[Han dynasty|Han]] in 196 BC.<ref name=Taylor>{{citation |last=Taylor |first=Keith Weller |title=The Birth of Vietnam |page=24 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1991}}</ref> Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from [[Southeast Asia]], India, and even Africa.<ref>{{cite book |author-first2=Susan N. |author-last2=Erickson |author-last1=Yi |author-first1=Song-mi |author-first3=Michael |author-last3=Nylan |chapter=The Archaeology of the Outlying Lands |editor-first1=Michael|editor-last1=Nylan|editor-first2=Michael|editor-last2=Loewe |title=China's Early Empires: A Re-appraisal|date=2010 |page=163}}</ref> Zhao Tuo was succeeded by [[Zhao Mo]] and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon [[Zhao Yingqi]]'s death in 115 BC, his younger son [[Zhao Xing]] was named as his successor in violation of Chinese [[primogeniture]]. By 113 BC, his [[Han people|Chinese]] mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|樛}}}}) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native [[grand councillor|prime minister]] Lü Jia ({{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|呂|嘉}}}}) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.{{sfnp|Yü|1987|p=453}} A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. [[Emperor Wu of Han]] took offense and launched [[Han–Nanyue War|a massive riverine and seaborne war]]: six armies under [[Lu Bode]] and Yang Pu<ref>{{citation |last1=Morton |first1=W. Scott |last2=Lewis |first2=Charlton M. |date=2004 |title=China: Its History and Culture, ''4th ed.''  |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780071412797 |page=56}}</ref> took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111&nbsp;BC.{{sfnp|Yü|1987|p=453}}

=== Imperial China ===
[[File:Canton c. 1800.jpg|thumb|right|Canton in the early 1800s]]
[[File:Whampoa Anchorage.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Pazhou]] in 1810]]

Incorporated into the [[Western Han dynasty|Han dynasty]], Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang [[zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]], which gave it its modern name. The ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'' described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.<ref>刘煦.旧唐书·王方庆传〔M〕.北京：中华书局，1975</ref> Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at [[Battle of Talas|Talas]].<ref>{{citation |script-title=zh:杜佑.通典 |volume=卷191〔M〕 |location=Beijing |publisher=中华书局 |year=1984}}</ref> Relations were often strained: while China was undergoing the [[An Lushan Rebellion]], Arab and Persian pirates<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Atlas of Islamic History |last1=Sluglett |first1=Peter |last2=Currie |first2=Andrew |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=9781138821309 |page=81}}</ref> sacked the city on 30 October 758<ref name=bret>{{citation |title=On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies and Other Western Countries, Mentioned in Chinese Books |first=E. |last=Bretschneider |year=1871 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=10 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044019826502 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="welsh">{{citation |first=Frank |last=Welsh |author-link=Frank Welsh (writer) |editor=Maya Rao |year=1974 |title=A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong |isbn=9781568361345 |page=13| publisher=Kodansha International }}</ref><ref name=need>{{citation |first=Joseph |last=Needham |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Science & Civilisation in China |year=1954 |volume=I |page=179 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name=sima>{{cite book |author-link=Sima Guang |last=Sima |first=Guang |author-mask=Sima Guang |title=Zizhi Tongjian ''Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government''}}</ref> and in revenge thousands of Arabs and Persians were killed by Chinese rebels in the [[Yangzhou massacre (760)]]. In the [[Guangzhou massacre]] about 200,000 Arab, Persian and other foreigners were killed by Chinese rebel [[Huang Chao]] in 878, along with the city's [[Jews]], [[Christians]],<ref name=frenchy>{{citation |editor=Gabriel Ferrand |year=1922 |title=Voyage du Marchand Arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, Rédigé en 851, suivi de Remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan |page=76 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=kaifung>{{citation |contribution-url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/judaism/kaifung.html |contribution=Kaifung Jews |title=Overview of World Religions |publisher=University of Cumbria |access-date=August 30, 2009 |archive-date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028113532/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/judaism/kaifung.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=gibberish>{{lang|ar|أبوزيد حسن السيرافي ،"رحلة السيرافي"،المجمع الثقافي، أبو ظبي، عام 1999م}} (Abu Zayd Husayn al-Sirafi, ''Rihlat al-Sirafi'', al-Mujamma' al-thaqafi, Abu Dhabi, 1990)</ref> and [[Parsi]]s.<ref name=sirafi>{{citation |author=Abu Zayd as-Sirafi |script-title=ar:رحلة السيرافي |trans-title=The Journey of As-Sirafi |language=ar }}</ref><ref name="guy">{{citation |last=Guy |first=John |year=1986 |title=Oriental Trade Ceramics in South-East Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries: With a Catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai Wares in Australian Collections |page=7 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195825930}}</ref> The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.<ref name=":0" />

Amid the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] that followed the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]], the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] governor [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "[[Southern Han]]" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively men, but included "[[Persian people|Persian]] females".<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library), ''No. 2'' |year=1928 |publisher=Toyo Bunko |page=34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Les Persans à l'Extrémité Orientale de la Route Maritime (IIe A.E. -XVIIe Siècle) |journal=Archipel |last=Lombard-Salmon |first=Claudine |year=2004 |volume=68 |page=40 |doi=10.3406/arch.2004.3830}}</ref> According to [[Odoric of Pordenone]], Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.{{sfn|Yule|2002|p=121}} Guangzhou was visited by the [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] during his journey around the world in the 14th century.{{sfnp|Dunn|1986|p=259}} He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.<ref>{{lang|ar|تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار,ابن بطوطة,ص 398}}</ref>

Shortly after the [[Hongwu Emperor]]'s declaration of the [[Ming dynasty]], he reversed his earlier support of [[foreign trade]] and imposed the first of a series of [[haijin|sea bans]] ({{lang-zh|t=|labels=no|s=海禁}}).{{sfnp|Von Glahn|1996|p=90}} These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.{{sfnp|Li|2010|p=3}} Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, [[Quanzhou]], and [[Ningbo]] were closed in 1384{{sfnp|Von Glahn|1996|p= 116}} and legal trade became limited to the [[imperial Chinese tributary system|tribute delegations]] sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.{{sfnp|Von Glahn|1996|p= 91}}

Following the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquest]] of the [[Melaka Sultanate]], [[Rafael Perestrello]] traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native [[junk (ship)|junk]] in 1516.{{sfnp|''Knight's''|1841|p=135}} His report induced [[Fernão Pires de Andrade]] to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,{{sfnp|''Knight's''|1841|p=135}} but De Andrade's exploration{{sfnp|Cortesao|1944|p=xxxiv}} was understood as spying{{sfnp|Wills|1998|p=331}} and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,{{sfnp|Wills|1998|pp=331–332}} enslaving Chinese women{{sfnp|Douglas|2006|p=11}} and children, engaging in piracy,{{sfnp|Dutra & al.|1995|p=426}} and fortifying the island of [[Tamão]].{{sfnp|Wills|1998|pp=337–338}}{{sfnp|Cortesao|1944|p= xxxvii}} Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.<ref name="sjay">{{citation |page= 130 |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=9781118274026 |date=7 March 2012 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Wills & al.|2010|p=28}} The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:{{sfnp|Dutra & al.|1995|p=426}} they bested the Portuguese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]]{{sfnp|Wills|1998|p=339}} and in [[Battle of Xicaowan|Xicao Bay]]; held a [[Tomé Pires|diplomatic mission]] hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca|sultan of Malacca]],{{sfnp|Cortesao|1944|p=xl, xliii}} who had been accounted [[Imperial Chinese tributary system|a Ming vassal]];{{sfnp|Wills|1998|p=340}} and, after placing them in [[cangue]]s and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by [[lingchi]].{{sfnp|Cortesao|1944|p=xliv–v}} With the help of local pirates,<ref name="sjay" /> the "[[Folangji]]" then carried out smuggling at [[Portuguese Macao|Macao]], [[Lampacau]], and {{nowrap|St John's}} Island (now [[Shangchuan Island|Shangchuan]]),{{sfnp|Douglas|2006|p=11}} until [[Leonel de Sousa]] legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|汪|柏}}}}) and the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|1554 Luso-Chinese Accord]]. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;{{sfnp|Wills|1998|p=343}} three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,{{sfnp|Wills|1998|p=343–344}} the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at [[Colonial Macau|Macau]] instead of Guangzhou itself.<ref name="heyporter">{{citation |last=Porter |first=Jonathan |date=1996 |title=Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813337494}}</ref>

[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0744-2.tif|thumb|right|[[Johan Nieuhof|Nieuhof]]'s imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",<ref>{{citation |last=La Carpentier |first=Jean-Baptiste |author-link=Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier |title=L'Ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine ''Embassy of the United Provinces' East India Company to the Emperor of China'' |date=1655 |language=fr}}</ref> made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city]]

In October 1646, the [[Zhu Yujian|Longwu Emperor]]'s brother, [[Zhu Yuyue]] fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming empire]]. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=737}} He led a successful offense against his cousin [[Zhu Youlang]] but was deposed and executed on January 20, 1647, when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|成|棟}}}}) sacked the city on behalf of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]].{{sfnp|Wakeman|1985|p=738}}

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of [[Kingdom of Tungning|Taiwan]] in 1683.{{sfnp|Perdue|2009}} The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] from [[Colonial Macau|Macau]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] from [[Spanish Philippines|Manila]] returned, as did private Muslim, [[Armenians|Armenian]], and [[Kingdom of England|English]] traders.{{sfnp|Gunn|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA208 208]}} From 1699 to 1714, the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]] and [[East India Company|British East India Companies]] sent a ship or two each year;{{sfnp|Gunn|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA208 208]}} the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[Ostend Company|Ostend General India Co.]] arrived in 1717,{{sfnp|Butel|1997|p=197}} the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India Co.]] in 1729,<ref>{{Citation |publisher=R. Phillips |location=London |title=An Authentic Account of the Embassy of the Dutch East-India Company, to the Court of the Emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795 |volume=I and II |first=Braam |last=Houckgeest |author2=Andre Everard Van ? |date=1798 |oclc=002094734}}</ref> the [[Norway-Denmark|Danish]] [[Danish Asiatic Company|Asiatic Co.]] in 1731, and the [[Kingdom of Sweden|Swedish]] [[Swedish East India Company|East India Co.]] the next year.{{sfnp|Gunn|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA208 208]}} These were joined by the occasional [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] or [[Trieste Company]] vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first [[colonial Australia]]n one in 1788.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's greatest ports, organized under the [[Canton System]].{{sfnp|Kjellberg|1975|p=99}} The main exports were [[history of tea|tea]] and [[Chinese porcelain|porcelain]].{{sfnp|Gunn|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA208 208]}} As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.<ref>{{citation |last=Van Dyke |first=Paul A. |title=The Canton Trade—Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845 |location=Hong Kong |date=2005 |page=161}}</ref> Guangzhou is the site of the [[Thirteen Factories]], which were the only legal place to conduct foreign trade with China from 1757 to 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatwin |first=Jonathan |title=The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |year=2024 |isbn=9781350435711}}</ref>{{Rp|page=xviii}}

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the [[Flower Pagoda]] of the [[Temple of the Six Banyan Trees]], and the guard tower known as the [[Zhenhai Tower (Guangzhou)|Five-Story Pagoda]]. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about {{cvt|6|mi|0}} in circumference, {{cvt|25|ft|0}} high, and {{cvt|20|ft|0}} wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of [[Xiguan]] (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and [[Tanka people|Tanka]] ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about {{cvt|4|mi|0}}. It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their [[Chinese courtyard house|courtyards]] as a kind of warehouse.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=37}} The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to [[Beijing]]—about {{cvt|1200|mi|sp=us|0}} away—in less than 24 hours.{{sfnp|Kjellberg|1975|p=95}}

[[File:Canton River, 26 May 1841.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of [[Haizhu, Guangzhou|Henan]], [[Pazhou]], [[Changzhou Island|Changzhou]], and [[Xiaoguwei]] in 1841]]
[[File:Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg|thumb|right|Guangzhou city skyline at dusk in 2011]]
The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the [[First Opium War]] in 1839. Following a series of battles in the [[Pearl River Delta]], the British [[Battle of Canton (March 1841)|captured Canton]] on March 18, 1841.{{sfnp|''Bulletins &c.''|1841|p=357}} The [[Battle of Canton (May 1841)|Second Battle of Canton]] was fought two months later.{{sfnp|MacPherson|1842|pp=312 & 315}} Following the Qing's 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking|treaty]] with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]], Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more [[treaty port]]s were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)]], the [[Punti]] and [[Hakka]] waged [[Punti-Hakka Clan Wars|a series of clan wars]] from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the [[Second Opium War|Arrow War]] (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through [[Shanghai]].<ref>John King Fairbank, ''Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the treaty ports, 1842–1854'' (Harvard U. P.) pp 267-284</ref><ref>Johnathan Andrew Farris, ''Enclave to Urbanity: Canton, Foreigners, and Architecture from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries'' (2016)</ref>

The concession for the [[Guangzhou–Hankou railway|Guangdong–Hankou Railway]] was awarded to the [[American China Development Company|American China Development Co.]] in 1898. It completed [[Guangzhou–Sanshui Railway|its branch line]] west to [[Foshan]] and [[Sanshui]] before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. [[J.P. Morgan]] was awarded millions in damages<ref>{{citation |last=Lee |first=En-han |year=1977 |title=China's Quest for Railway Autonomy, 1904–1911: A Study of the Chinese Railway-Rights Recovery Movement |publisher=Singapore University Press }}</ref> and the line to [[Wuchang District|Wuchang]] was not completed until 1936<ref>{{citation |title=Canton–Hankow Railway |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=9 June 1936}}</ref> and the completion of a unified [[Beijing–Guangzhou Railway]] waited until the completion of [[Wuhan]]'s [[Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge|Yangtze River Bridge]] in 1957.

=== Modern China===
==== Revolutions====
During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the [[First Guangzhou Uprising|Uprisings of 1895]] and [[Second Guangzhou Uprising|1911]] that were the predecessors of the successful [[Xinhai Revolution]], which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 [[martyrdom in Chinese culture|Martyrs]] at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

==== Republic of China====
After the assassination of [[Song Jiaoren]] and [[Yuan Shikai]]'s attempts to remove the [[Nationalist Party of China]] from power, the leader of Guangdong [[Hu Hanmin]] joined the 1913 [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]] against him<ref>{{citation |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EisnZHAMbqkC&pg=PA298 |page=298 |contribution=Second Revolution |last=Lu |first=Fang-shang |author-mask=Lu Fang-shang |title=Modern China |editor=Wang Ke-wen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EisnZHAMbqkC |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |date=1998 |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611222408/http://books.google.com/books?id=EisnZHAMbqkC&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=June 11, 2014 |url-status=live |isbn=9780419221609}}</ref> but was forced to flee to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] with [[Sun Yat-sen]] after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister [[Duan Qirui]]'s abrogation of the constitution triggered the [[Constitutional Protection Movement]]. [[Sun Yat-sen]] came to head the [[Constitutional Protection Junta|Guangzhou Military Government]] supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to [[Shanghai International Settlement|Shanghai]] in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord [[Chen Jiongming]] restored him in October 1920 during the [[Yuegui Wars]].{{sfnp|Beck|2007}} On June 16, 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship ''[[SS Zhongshan|Yongfeng]]'' after Chen sided with the [[Zhili Clique]]'s [[Beiyang government|Beijing government]]. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established [[Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou|a government]] in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926, Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT) [[Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China|used the city as a base]] to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The [[First United Front|Kuomintang-CCP cooperation]] was confirmed in the [[1st National Congress of Kuomintang|First Congress of the KMT]] and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the [[Peasant Movement Training Institute]] in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used [[USSR|Soviet]] funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the [[Whampoa Military Academy]].{{sfnp|Beck|2007}} In August, the fledgling army suppressed the [[Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising]]. The next year the anti-imperialist [[May Thirtieth Movement]] swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the [[Shakee Massacre]].

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader [[Liao Zhongkai]] was assassinated and the right-wing leader [[Hu Hanmin]], the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist [[Wang Jingwei]] in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing [[Western Hills Group]] vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "[[Canton Coup]]" on March 20, 1926, saw Chiang solidify his control over the [[KMT|Nationalists]] and [[National Revolutionary Army|their army]] against [[Wang Jingwei]], the party's left wing, its [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist]] allies, and its [[USSR|Soviet]] advisors.<ref>{{citation |last=Van de Ven |first=Hans |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC |title=War and Nationalism in China: 1925–1945 |series=Studies in the Modern History of Asia |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-14571-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC&pg=PA101 101 ff] |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225071802/https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AhXiang1998>{{citation |author=Ah Xiang |contribution-url=http://www.republicanchina.org/Zhongshan-Warship-Incident.pdf |contribution=The ''Zhongshan'' Warship Incident |title=Tragedy of Chinese Revolution |date=1998 |access-date=July 13, 2016 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103136/http://www.republicanchina.org/Zhongshan-Warship-Incident.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By May, he had ended civilian control of the military<ref name=AhXiang1998/> and begun his [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] against the [[Warlord Era|warlords]] of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the [[April 12 Incident]]. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of [[Li Jishen]], resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when [[Zhang Fakui]], a general supportive of the Wuhan faction, seized Canton and installed [[Wang Jingwei]]'s faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the [[Guangzhou Uprising]]. Prominent communist military leaders [[Ye Ting]] and [[Ye Jianying]] led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to [[Li Jishen]].

Li Jishen was deposed during a war between Chiang and the [[New Guangxi Clique]]. By 1929, [[Chen Jitang]] had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.<ref>李洁之，陈济棠主粤始末，《广州文史》第三十七辑。</ref> The opposition to Chiang included KMT leaders like [[Wang Jingwei]], [[Sun Fo]] and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the [[4th National Congress of Kuomintang]] being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During the [[WW2]], the "[[Canton Operation]]" subjected the city to [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] occupation by the end of December 1938.

==== People's Republic of China====
Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on October 14, 1949. Amid a massive exodus to [[Hong Kong]] and [[Colonial Macau|Macau]], defeated Nationalist forces blew up the [[Haizhu Bridge]] across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with many of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The [[China|People's Republic of China]] initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's [[Tanka people|boat people]] to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to [[Hong Kong]] and [[Shenzhen]] and its ties to [[overseas Chinese]] made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's [[opening up policy|opening up]] under [[Deng Xiaoping]]. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with [[Huadu District|Huadu]] and [[Panyu District|Panyu]] joining the city as [[district (China)|urban districts]] and [[Conghua]] and [[Zengcheng]] as more rural [[county (China)|counties]]. The former districts of [[Dongshan District, Guangzhou|Dongshan]] and [[Fangcun District|Fangcun]] were abolished in 2005, merged into [[Yuexiu District|Yuexiu]] and [[Liwan District|Liwan]] respectively. The city acquired [[Nansha, Guangzhou|Nansha]] and [[Luogang District|Luogang]]. The former was carved out of [[Panyu District|Panyu]], the latter from parts of [[Baiyun District, Guangzhou|Baiyun]], [[Tianhe District|Tianhe]], [[Zengcheng]], and an exclave within [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Huangpu]]. The [[National People's Congress]] approved a development plan for the [[Pearl River Delta]] in January 2009; on March 19 of the same year, the Guangzhou and [[Foshan]] municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-03/19/content_11037051.htm |title=Guangzhou and Foshan signed "City Merge Cooperation Framework" |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=May 6, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705135320/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-03/19/content_11037051.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2009}}</ref> In 2014, [[Luogang District|Luogang]] merged into [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Huangpu]] and both [[Conghua District|Conghua]] and [[Zengcheng District|Zengcheng]] counties were upgraded to districts.

On 16 June 2022 an [[Tornadoes of 2022#June 16 (China)|EF2 tornado struck the city]], causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awesome photo shows the nighttime monster heading for Guangzhou Metropolitan. |url=https://twitter.com/ericwang1101/status/1537426124547891200 |website=Twitter |access-date=June 19, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619005557/https://twitter.com/ericwang1101/status/1537426124547891200 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Damage survey suggests that the Guangzhou tornado had EF2 peak strength and traveled 1.5 km during its 5-minute lifetime. |url=https://twitter.com/cyanidecn_/status/1537801700093792256 |website=Twitter |access-date=June 19, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619005635/https://twitter.com/cyanidecn_/status/1537801700093792256 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://watchers.news/2022/06/16/major-damage-after-large-tornado-hits-guangzhou-megalopolis-guangdong-china/ |title=Major damage after large tornado hits Guangzhou megalopolis – Guangdong, China |date=June 16, 2022 |website=watchers.news |publisher=The Watchers |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409132943/https://watchers.news/2022/06/16/major-damage-after-large-tornado-hits-guangzhou-megalopolis-guangdong-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=History of Guangzhou
|width=140 | height=100
|align=center
|File:Canton factories.jpg|The [[Thirteen Factories]] {{c.|1805|lk=no}}, displaying the flags of [[Denmark-Norway|Denmark]], [[Enlightenment in Spain|Spain]], the United States, Sweden, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], and the [[Prince's Flag|Netherlands]]
|File:Shop of Tingqua, the painter.jpg|An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders
|alt4=An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders.Common themes included the Thirteen Factories, the Whampoa Anchorage (now Pazhou), and the Sea-Banner Temple (now Hoi Tong Monastery)
|File:Canton1860.jpg|[[Daniel Vrooman|Vrooman]]'s 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of [[Treaty of Tianjin|Tianjin]] and [[Convention of Peking|Beijing]] permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city
|File:Flower Pagoda in Canton.jpg|The [[Flowery Pagoda]] at the [[Temple of the Six Banyan Trees]] in 1863
|File:Lai Afong, Five Stories Pagoda Guangzhou, c1880.JPG|The [[Five-story Pagoda]] atop [[Yuexiu Hill]] {{c.|1880|lk=no}}
|File:Lai Afong, Sacred Heart Cathedral Guangzhou, c1880.JPG|The [[Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] towering over the one- and two-story homes of old Guangzhou {{c.|1880|lk=no}}
|File:Canton1920 d006 map of of the city.jpg|The [[US Navy]]'s Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"<ref>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/stream/cantonchina00unitrich#page/4/mode/2up |title=US Navy Ports of the World: Canton |publisher=US Bureau of Navigation |series=Ditty Box Guide Book Series |year=1920 |at=[https://archive.org/stream/cantonchina00unitrich#page/n5/mode/2up Canton]}}</ref>
|File:Whampoa3.jpg|[[Sun Yat-sen]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]] at the opening of the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] on 16 June 1924
|File:The Bund Canton.jpg|The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of [[Tanka people|Tanka]] boats
|alt11=The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats.
|File:1937 Canton, China VP8.webm|A short film of Guangzhou in 1937
|File:PLA Troops entered to Guangzhou.jpg|The [[People's Liberation Army]] entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949
}}