Editing Guadeloupe (section)

== History ==

=== Pre-colonial era ===
[[File:Petroglyphe Plessis3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ancient [[petroglyph]] in [[Baillif]]]]
The islands were first populated by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], possibly as far back as 3000 BC.<ref name="region">{{cite web |title=Gaudeloupe, a land of history |url=https://www.regionguadeloupe.fr/guadeloupe-regional-council/guadeloupe-a-land-of-history/#_ |website=Region Guadeloupe |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230174838/https://www.regionguadeloupe.fr/guadeloupe-regional-council/guadeloupe-a-land-of-history/#_ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Siegel et al – ''Analyse préliminaire de prélèvements sédimentaires en provenance de Marie-Galante''. Bilan scientifique 2006–2008. Service régional de l’archéologie Guadeloupe- Saint-Martin – Saint-Barthélemy 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Paleoenvironmental evidence for first human colonization of the eastern Caribbean |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283329730 |pages=275–295<!--endif p.totales--> |year=2015 |bibcode=2015QSRv..129..275S |issn=0277-3791 |last1=Siegel |first1=Peter E. |last2=Jones |first2=John G. |last3=Pearsall |first3=Deborah M. |last4=Dunning |first4=Nicholas P. |last5=Farrell |first5=Pat |last6=Duncan |first6=Neil A. |last7=Curtis |first7=Jason H. |last8=Singh |first8=Sushant K. |volume=129 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.014}}.</ref> The [[Arawak]] people are the first identifiable group, but they were later displaced {{circa|1400}} by [[Kalina people|Kalina]]-Carib peoples.<ref name="britannica.com" />

=== 15th–17th centuries ===
Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Guadeloupe, landing in November 1493 and giving it its current name.<ref name="britannica.com" /> Several attempts at colonisation by the Spanish in the 16th century failed due to attacks from the Native peoples.<ref name="britannica.com" /> In 1626, the French, under the trader and adventurer [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]], began to take an interest in Guadeloupe, expelling Spanish settlers.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The [[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]] settled in Guadeloupe in 1635, under the direction of the French colonial leaders [[Charles Liénard de L'Olive]] and [[Jean du Plessis d'Ossonville]]; they formally took possession of the island for France and brought in French farmers to colonise the land. This led to the death of many Indigenous people by disease and violence.<ref name="ait">{{cite web |title=Guadeloupe from precolumbian times until today |url=http://www.antilles-info-tourisme.com/guadeloupe/histogb.htm |website=Antilles Info Tourisme |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515174134/http://www.antilles-info-tourisme.com/guadeloupe/histogb.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1640, however, the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique had gone bankrupt, and they thus sold Guadeloupe to [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré]] who began [[plantation]] agriculture, with the first African slaves arriving in 1650.<ref name="worldatlas" /><ref>La Guadeloupe: renseignements sur l'histoire, la flore, la faune, la géologie, la minéralogie, l'agriculture, le commerce, l'industrie, la législation, l'administration, Volume 1, Partie 2, de Jules Ballet (Imprimerie du gouvernement, 1895) (in French)</ref> Slave resistance was immediately widespread, with an open uprising in 1656 lasting several weeks and a simultaneous spate of mass desertions that lasted at least two years until the French compelled indigenous peoples to stop assisting them.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gwendolyn Midlo Hall |date=1971 |title=Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies: A Comparison of St. Domingue and Cuba |url=https://archive.org/details/socialcontrolins0000hall |publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press |pages=62–63 |isbn=0-8018-1252-6}}</ref> Ownership of the island passed to the [[French West India Company]] before it was annexed to France in 1674 under the tutelage of their Martinique colony.<ref name="britannica.com" /> Institutionalised slavery, enforced by the [[Code Noir]] from 1685, led to a booming sugar [[plantation]] economy.<ref name="caribya">{{cite web |title=History of Guadeloupe |url=http://caribya.com/guadeloupe/history/ |website=caribya! |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416233806/http://caribya.com/guadeloupe/history/ |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 18th–19th centuries ===

During the [[Seven Years' War]], [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)|captured]] and occupied the islands until the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> During that time, [[Pointe-à-Pitre]] became a major harbour, and markets in [[British America]] were opened to Guadeloupean sugar, which was traded for foodstuffs and timber. The economy expanded quickly, creating vast wealth for the French colonists.<ref name="lp">{{cite web |title=Guadeloupe > History |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/guadeloupe/background/history/a/nar/4ac48e5e-dc54-42ad-a21c-39c9a1071157/358055 |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416233804/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/guadeloupe/background/history/a/nar/4ac48e5e-dc54-42ad-a21c-39c9a1071157/358055 |url-status=live}}</ref> So prosperous was Guadeloupe at the time that, under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France forfeited its [[New France|Canadian colonies]] in exchange for the return of Guadeloupe.<ref name="worldatlas" /><ref name="ooth">{{cite web |title=Treaty of Paris, 1763 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=United States Government |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411040534/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |url-status=live}}</ref> Coffee planting began in the late 1720s,<ref>Auguste Lacour, ''Histoire de la Guadeloupe'', vol. 1 (1635–1789). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1855 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ full text at Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213042713/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ |date=13 December 2023 }}, p. 236''ff''.</ref> also worked by slaves and, by 1775, [[cocoa bean|cocoa]] had become a major export product as well.<ref name="worldatlas" />

[[File:Combat naval 12 avril 1782-Dumoulin-IMG 5484.JPG|thumb|The [[Battle of the Saintes]] was fought between France and Britain in 1782.]]

The [[French Revolution]] brought chaos to Guadeloupe. Under new revolutionary law, [[Free person of color|freedmen]] were entitled to equal rights. Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Britain [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1794)|captured Guadeloupe]] in 1794. The French responded by sending an expeditionary force under [[Victor Hugues]], which retook the colony by December and abolished slavery.<ref name="britannica.com" /> More than 1,000 French colonists were killed in the aftermath.<ref name="lp" />

[[File:Buste de Louis Delgrès à Matouba.JPG|thumb|right|Bust of Louis Delgrès, leader of the 1802 slave rebellion]]

In 1802, a French expeditionary force under [[Antoine Richepanse]] arrived in Guadeloupe, prompting a rebellion led by Black officers who had until then been the ''de facto'' rulers of the colony.<ref name="britannica.com" /> Richepanse and his troops acted quickly against the rebels, culminating in the [[Battle of Matouba]] on 28 May 1802. Realising they had no chance of success, [[Louis Delgrès]] and his followers committed mass suicide by deliberately exploding their gunpowder stores. A consular decree published on 6 July 1802 discreetly ordered the reestablishment of slavery in Guadeloupe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Slave women and Resistance in the French Caribbean |first=Bernard |last=Moitt |journal=More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas |editor=David Barry Gaspar |page=[https://archive.org/details/morethanchattelb0000unse/page/243 243] |year=1996 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33017-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/morethanchattelb0000unse/page/243}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/memorial-homage-delgr%C3%A8s-basse-terre |title=Memorial in homage to Delgrès – Basse Terre – Cartographie des Mémoires de l'Esclavage |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110021156/https://www.mmoe.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/memory/memorial-homage-delgr%C3%A8s-basse-terre |url-status=dead}}</ref> An insurgency against the French, who officially reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe on 14 May 1803, continued until 1804. In 1810, the British [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)|captured the island again]], handing it over to Sweden under the [[Treaty of Stockholm (1813)|1813 Treaty of Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindqvist |first=Herman |date=2015 |title=Våra kolonier: de vi hade och de som aldrig blev av |publisher=Albert Bonniers Förlag |page=232 |isbn=9789100155346|language=sv}}</ref>

In the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|1814 Treaty of Paris]], Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France, giving rise to the [[Guadeloupe Fund]]. In 1815, the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)|Treaty of Vienna]] acknowledged French control of Guadeloupe.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web |title=Guadeloupe History Timeline |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/guadeloupe/gptimeln.htm |website=World Atlas |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603192827/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/guadeloupe/gptimeln.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Slavery]] was abolished in the French Empire in 1848.<ref name="britannica.com" /> After 1854, [[indentured labourer]]s from the French colony of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in India were brought in.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/remembering-the-journey-to-guadeloupe/article6366891.ece |title=Remembering the journey to Guadeloupe |author=Annie Philip |work=The Hindu |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117043914/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/remembering-the-journey-to-guadeloupe/article6366891.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Emancipated slaves had the vote from 1849, but French nationality and the vote were not granted to Indian citizens until 1923, when a long campaign, led by [[Henry Sidambarom]], finally achieved success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topnews.in/law/remote-french-island-reconnects-india-264156 |title=A remote French Island reconnects with India &#124; TopNews |website=topnews.in |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513093822/https://www.topnews.in/law/remote-french-island-reconnects-india-264156 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 20th–21st centuries ===
In 1936, [[Félix Éboué]] became the first black governor of Guadeloupe.<ref>{{cite web |title=DOSSIER DE PRESSE |url=http://www.guyane.cci.fr/fr/content/download/1857/11808/file/Dossier%20de%20presse%20FE.pdf |author=Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de la Guyane |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024324/http://www.guyane.cci.fr/fr/content/download/1857/11808/file/Dossier%20de%20presse%20FE.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Félix Éboué". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Dec. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Felix-Eboue. Accessed 9 May 2025</ref> During [[World War II]], Guadeloupe initially came under the control of the [[Vichy government]], later joining [[Free France]] in 1943.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vichy issued its colonial stamps in France |url=https://www.linns.com/insights/vichy-issued-its-colonial-stamps-in-france.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Linns Stamp News |language=en}}</ref> In 1946, the colony of Guadeloupe [[became an overseas department]] of France.<ref name="britannica.com" />

Tensions arose in the post-war era over the social structure of Guadeloupe and its relationship with mainland France. The 'Massacre of St Valentine' occurred in 1952, when striking factory workers in [[Le Moule]] were shot at by the [[Compagnies républicaines de sécurité]], resulting in four deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20090214-14-fevrier-1952-une-greve-guadeloupe-reprimee-le-sang |title=14 février 1952: une grève en Guadeloupe réprimée dans le sang, France24.com, 14 février 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lepetitlexiquecolonial.blogspace.fr/1533307/Jeudi-14-fevrier-1952-au-Moule/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710153850/http://lepetitlexiquecolonial.blogspace.fr/1533307/Jeudi-14-fevrier-1952-au-Moule/ |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead |title=Le petit lexique colonial – Jeudi 14 février 1952 au Moule &#124; lepetitlexiquecolonial.blogspace.fr |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/speciales/social/guadeloupe_dom__la_crise/20090219.OBS5423/les_precedentes_emeutes_en_guadeloupe_1952_et_1967.html |title=Source: Le Nouvel Observateur}}{{dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=L’éphéméride du 14 février : Guadeloupe, Martinique jours de mort les 14 février 1952 et 1974 |url=https://www.madinin-art.net/lephemeride-du-14-fevrier/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In May 1967 racial tensions exploded into rioting following a racist attack on a black Guadeloupean, Raphael Balzinc,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/6/2/50-years-on-guadeloupeans-remember-french-brutality |title=50 years on: Guadeloupeans remember French brutality |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105095258/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/6/2/50-years-on-guadeloupeans-remember-french-brutality |url-status=live}}</ref> resulting in eight deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mai 1967 à Pointe-à-Pitre : " Un massacre d'Etat " |url=https://www.humanite.fr/mai-1967-pointe-pitre-un-massacre-detat-636544 |language=fr |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016005805/https://www.humanite.fr/mai-1967-pointe-pitre-un-massacre-detat-636544 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Félix-Hilaire Fortuné |title=La France et l'Outre-Mer antillais |language=fr |trans-title=France and the West Indies |publisher=L'Harmattan |date=2001 |page=303}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/26/en-guadeloupe-la-tragedie-de-me-67-refoulee_1198153_3224.html |title=En Guadeloupe, la tragédie de "Mé 67" refoulée |newspaper=Le Monde |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727235412/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/26/en-guadeloupe-la-tragedie-de-me-67-refoulee_1198153_3224.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carrington |first=G. |date=2022-01-09 |title=The May 1967 massacre in Guadeloupe |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/31750/ |journal=Journal of Romance Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |doi=10.3828/jrs.2022.21 |issn=1473-3536}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carrington |first=Grace |date= |title=The May 1967 massacre in Guadeloupe |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10181907/ |journal=Journal of Romance Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=389–412 |issn=1473-3536}}</ref>

An independence movement grew in the 1970s, prompting France to declare Guadeloupe a French region in 1974.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The [[People's Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe|Union populaire pour la libération de la Guadeloupe]] (UPLG) campaigned for complete independence, and by the 1980s the situation had turned violent with the actions of groups such as {{ill|Groupe de libération armée|es|Grupo de Liberación Armada|fr}} (GLA) and [[Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance|Alliance révolutionnaire caraïbe]] (ARC).

Greater autonomy was granted to Guadeloupe in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guadeloupe - Atlapedia® Online |url=https://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/guadelop.htm |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.atlapedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guadeloupe |url=https://www.islandstudies.com/files/2016/11/Guadeloupe.pdf}}</ref> Through a [[2003 Guadeloupean autonomy referendum|referendum in 2003]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint-Martin]] and [[Saint Barthélemy]] voted to separate from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, this being fully enacted by 2007.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guadeloupe Arrondissements |url=https://www.statoids.com/ugp.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.statoids.com}}</ref>

In January 2009, labour unions and others known as the [[Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon]] went [[2009 French Caribbean general strikes|on strike]] for more pay.<ref>"[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en Race, class fuel social conflict on French Caribbean islands] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091147/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en |date=21 February 2014 }}". [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP). 17 February 2009</ref> Strikers were angry with low wages, the high cost of living, high levels of poverty relative to mainland France and levels of unemployment that are amongst the worst in the European Union.<ref name=reuters>{{cite news |first=Estelle |last=Shirbon |title=Paris fails to end island protests, seen spreading |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/marketsNewsUS/idUKLD40833620090213 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 February 2009 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214175718/http://uk.reuters.com/article/marketsNewsUS/idUKLD40833620090213 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The situation quickly escalated, exacerbated by what was seen as an ineffectual response by the French government, turning violent and prompting the deployment of extra police after a union leader ([[Jacques Bino]]) was shot and killed.<ref name=iht19>{{cite news |title=France proposes to raise salaries to end Guadeloupe violence |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/02/19/america/france.php |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=19 February 2009 |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221065804/http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/02/19/america/france.php |url-status=live}}</ref> The strike lasted 44 days and had also inspired similar actions on nearby [[Martinique]]. President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] later visited the island, promising reform.<ref name=visit>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw Sarkozy offers autonomy vote for Martinique] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709063018/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw |date=9 July 2009 }}, [[Agence France-Presse]]</ref> Tourism suffered greatly during this time and affected the 2010 tourist season as well.