Editing Grisons (section)

==History==
{{further|Three Leagues|Bündner Wirren}}
[[File:Geschichte Graubuenden.png|thumb|Map of the [[Three Leagues]] and surrounding lands]]
The deep Alpine valleys of the present-day Grisons were originally settled by the [[Raeti]]ans (''Rhaeti''). In Chur, archaeological evidence of settlement goes back as far as the [[Pfyn culture]]<ref name=HDS_Chur>{{HDS|1581|Chur}}</ref> (3900–3500&nbsp;BC),<ref>Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49-65.</ref> making the capital city of the Grisons one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland.

Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called ''Raetia'', which was established in 15&nbsp;BC. The current capital of the Grisons, [[Chur]], was known as Curia in Roman times. The area later was part of the lands of the [[Bishop of Chur|diocese of Chur]].

In 1367 the [[League of God's House]] (''Cadi'', ''Gottes Haus'', ''Ca' di&nbsp;Dio'') was founded to resist the rising power of the [[Bishop of Chur]]. This was followed by the establishment of the [[Grey League]] (''Grauer Bund''), sometimes called ''Oberbund'', in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. The name ''Grey League'' is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people and was used exclusively after 16 March 1424.<ref>{{HDS|17158|Grauer Bund|rm=3364}}</ref> The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of the Grisons. A third league was established in 1436 by the people of ten [[bailiwick]]s in the former [[Counts of Toggenburg|Toggenburg countship]], as the dynasty of Toggenburg had become extinct. The league was called [[League of the Ten Jurisdictions]] (''Zehngerichtebund'').

[[File:Dreibündenstein.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Dreibündenstein monument, marking the former tripoint of the Three Leagues]]
The first step towards the canton of the Grisons was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450. In 1471 the two leagues allied with the Grey League. In 1497 and 1498 the Leagues<ref>{{HDS|26413<!--Section 1-3-->|Eidgenossenschaft - Konsolidierung und Erweiterung (1353-1515)}}</ref> allied with the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] after the [[Habsburgs]] acquired the possessions of the extinct Toggenburg dynasty in 1496,<ref>{{HDS|7391<!--Section 3-15-->|Graubünden, section 3.1.4 - Landesherrschaft und Widerstand im Norden}}</ref> siding with the Confederacy in the [[Swabian War]] three years later. The Habsburgs were defeated at [[Battle of Calven|Calven Gorge]] and [[Battle of Dornach|Dornach]], helping the Swiss Confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of the Grisons to be recognised. However the [[Three Leagues]] remained a loose association until the ''Bundesbrief'' of 23 September 1524.<ref>{{HDS|7391<!--Section 3-19-->|Graubünden, section 3.2.4 - Verfassung und Landesgesetze}}</ref>

The last traces of the Bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526. The [[Musso war]] of 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy.

Between 1618 and 1639 it became a battleground between competing factions during the [[Bündner Wirren]]. The [[Protestant]] party was supported by [[France]] and [[Venice]], while the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] party was supported by the [[Habsburg]]s in Spain and Austria. Each side sought to gain control of the Grisons to gain control over the important [[Swiss Alps|alpine]] passes. In 1618, the young radical [[Jörg Jenatsch]] became a member of the court of 'clerical overseers' and a leader of the anti-Habsburg faction. He supervised the torture to death of the arch-priest [[Nicolò Rusca]] of [[Sondrio]]. In response, Giacomo Robustelli of the pro-Catholic Planta family, raised an army of rebels in the [[Valtellina]]. On the evening of 18/19&nbsp;July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into [[Tirano]] and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to [[Teglio]], [[Sondrio]] and further down the valley killing every Protestant that they found. Between 500<ref name=History/> and 600<ref name=HDS_Valtellina>{{HDS|24652|Valtellina murders}}</ref> people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues.

[[File:Georg Jenatsch.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jörg Jenatsch]] was a major and divisive figure during the [[Bündner Wirren]] (1618–1639).]]
In response, in February 1621, Jenatsch led a force of anti-Habsburg troops to attack [[Rietberg Castle]], the home of a leader of the pro-Catholic faction, Pompeius Planta.<ref name=Religious>[http://www.gr.kath.ch/ressourcen/download/20080529163237.pdf Graubünden's religious history]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (PDF; 3.95&nbsp;MB) {{in lang|de}}</ref> They surprised Planta and according to legend he was killed by Jörg Jenatsch with an axe.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news |last=MacNamee |first=Terence |title=DNA tests aim to identify 17th century figure |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/DNA_tests_aim_to_identify_17th_century_figure_.html?cid=32489350 |access-date=20 April 2012 |newspaper=Swissinfo.com |date=17 April 2012 |archive-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310195440/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/DNA_tests_aim_to_identify_17th_century_figure_.html?cid=32489350 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The murder of Planta encouraged the Protestant faction and they assembled a poorly led and disorganized army to retake the Valtellina and other subject lands. However, the army fell apart before they could attack a single Catholic town.<ref name=Religious/> This Protestant invasion provided the Spanish and Austrians with an excuse to invade the Leagues. By the end of October, Spain and Austria had occupied all of the Grisons. The resulting peace treaty of January 1622, forced Grisons to cede the [[Val Müstair|Müstair]], the [[Lower Engadine]] and [[Prättigau]] valleys.<ref name=History>[http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/reformation.html Swiss History] {{in lang|de}} accessed 16 January 2012</ref> The treaty also forbade the Protestant religion in these valleys. In response, in 1622, the Prättigau valley rebelled against the Austrians and drove them out of the valley. The Austrians invaded the valley twice more, attempting to reimpose the Catholic faith, in 1623–1624 and 1629–1631.<ref name=HDS_BW>{{HDS|28698|Bündner Wirren}}</ref>

In 1623 the Leagues entered into an alliance with France, Savoy and Venice. Jürg Jenatsch and Ulysses von&nbsp;Salis used French money to hire an 8,000-man mercenary army and drive out the Austrians. The peace treaty of Monzon (5&nbsp;March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina. In 1627 the French withdrew from the Valtellina valley, which was then occupied by Papal troops. Starting in 1631 the League, under the French Duke Henri de Rohan, started to expel the Spaniards. However, Richelieu still did not want to hand the valley over to its residents. When it became clear that the French intended to remain permanently in the Leagues, but would not force the Valtellina to convert to Protestantism, Jürg Jenatsch (now a mercenary leader) converted in 1635 to the Catholic faith. In 1637, he rebelled and allied with Austria and Spain. His rebellion along with the rebellion of 31 other League officers forced the French to withdraw without a fight.<ref name=History/><ref name=HDS_BW/> On 24&nbsp;January 1639, Jürg Jenatsch was killed during [[Carnival]] by an unknown attacker who was dressed as a bear. The attacker may have been a son of Pompeius Planta<ref name=History/> or an assassin hired by the local aristocracy.<ref name=HDS_BW/> According to legend he was killed by the same axe that he used on Pompeius Planta.<ref name=DNA/> On 3&nbsp;September 1639 the Leagues agreed with Spain to bring the Valtellina back under League sovereignty, but with the promise to respect the free exercise of the Catholic faith. Treaties with Austria in 1649 and 1652, brought the Müstair and Lower Engadine valleys back under the authority of the Three Leagues.<ref name=History/>

In 1798, the lands of the canton of the Grisons became part of the [[Helvetic Republic]] as the [[canton of Raetia]] except [[Valtellina]], which was separated in 1797 for joining the [[Cisalpine Republic]]. It was later part of the [[Empire of Austria]] in 1814 before joining the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1859. With the [[Act of Mediation]] the "perpetual ally" of [[Switzerland]] became a canton in 1803. The constitution of the canton dates from 1892. In the following century, there have been about 30&nbsp;changes made to the constitution.<ref>{{HDS|7391<!--Section 3-34-->|Graubünden, section 4.2.2-Von 1848 bis heute}}</ref>

The arms of the three original leagues were combined into the modern [[cantonal coat of arms]] in 1933.