Editing Greenpeace (section)

===Origins===
[[File:AmchitkaAlaskaLoc.png|right|thumb|Location of Amchitka island in Alaska.]]
[[File:1971-CANNIKIN-2.jpg|thumb|The nuclear device that sparked the creation of Greenpeace being lowered into its firing hole for ''Cannikin''.]]
In the late 1960s, the U.S. had planned its ''[[Cannikin]]'' underground nuclear weapon test in the tectonically unstable island of [[Amchitka]] in Alaska; the plans raised some concerns of the test triggering earthquakes and causing a [[tsunami]]. Some 7,000<ref name="1969 news">"Protests fail to stop Nuclear Test countdown", ''The Free-Lance Star'' – 2 October 1969, Accessed via Google News Archive 16 November 2012.</ref> people blocked the [[Peace Arch Border Crossing]] between British Columbia and Washington,<ref>Congressional Record, 1971, p. 18072</ref> carrying signs reading "Don't Make A Wave. It's Your Fault If Our Fault Goes".<ref name=Brown-May>''Michael Brown & John May: The Greenpeace Story'', {{ISBN|0-86318-691-2}}</ref> and "Stop My Ark's Not Finished". The protests did not stop the U.S. from detonating the bomb.<ref name=Brown-May/>

While no [[earthquake]] or [[tsunami]] followed the test, the opposition grew when the U.S. announced they would detonate a bomb five times more powerful than the first one. Among the opponents were [[Jim Bohlen]], a veteran who had served in the [[U.S. Navy]], and [[Irving Stowe]] and [[Dorothy Stowe]], who had recently become [[Quaker]]s. They were frustrated by the lack of action by the [[Sierra Club Canada]], of which they were members. From Irving Stowe, Jim Bohlen learned of a form of [[Nonviolent resistance|passive resistance]], "bearing witness", where objectionable activity is protested simply by mere presence.<ref name=Brown-May/> Jim Bohlen's wife Marie came up with the idea to sail to Amchitka, inspired by the anti-nuclear voyages of [[Albert Bigelow]] in 1958. The idea ended up in the press and was linked to The Sierra Club.<ref name=Brown-May/> The Sierra Club did not like this connection and in 1970 the [[Don't Make a Wave Committee]] was established for the protest. Early meetings were held in the [[Shaughnessy, Vancouver|Shaughnessy]] home of [[Robert Hunter (journalist)|Robert Hunter]] and his wife Bobbi Hunter. Subsequently, the Stowe home at 2775 Courtenay Street in [[Vancouver]] became the headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hawthorn |first=Tom |url=http://tomhawthorn.blogspot.com/2011/03/for-sale-house-where-greenpeace-was.html |title=Tom Hawthorn's blog: For sale: The house where Greenpeace was born |publisher=Tomhawthorn.blogspot.com |date=30 March 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826205000/http://tomhawthorn.blogspot.com/2011/03/for-sale-house-where-greenpeace-was.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As [[Rex Weyler]] put it in his chronology, ''Greenpeace'', in 1969, Irving and Dorothy Stowe's "quiet home on Courtenay Street would soon become a hub of monumental, global significance". Some of the first Greenpeace meetings were held there. The first office was opened in a backroom, storefront on Cypress and West Broadway southeast corner in Kitsilano, Vancouver.<ref>''Greenpeace to Amchitka, An Environmental Odyssey'' by Robert Hunter.</ref> Within half a year Greenpeace moved in to share the upstairs office space with The Society Promoting Environmental Conservation on the second floor at 2007, 4th Ave. and Maple in [[Kitsilano]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spec.bc.ca/|title=SPEC Official website|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508123051/http://spec.bc.ca/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Irving Stowe]] arranged a [[benefit concert]] (supported by [[Joan Baez]]) that took place on 16 October 1970 at the [[Pacific Coliseum]] in Vancouver.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dyck |first=Lloyd H. Dyck |date=17 October 1970 |title=Joni nervous at Greenpeace benefit show |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29732546/joni_nervous_at_greenpeace_benefit/ |newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] |publisher=The Sun Publishing Company |location=[[Vancouver]] BC |volume=84 |issue=242 |page=35 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320215205/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29732546/joni_nervous_at_greenpeace_benefit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The concert created the financial basis for the first Greenpeace campaign.<ref>[https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/11/22/a-long-lost-1970-benefit-concert-featuring-joni-mitchell-and-james-taylor-surfaces/ Lost 1970 Amchitka Concert Featuring Joni Mitchell and James Taylor Surfaces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001222658/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/11/22/a-long-lost-1970-benefit-concert-featuring-joni-mitchell-and-james-taylor-surfaces/ |date=1 October 2017 }} ''The Wall Street Journal'', 22 November 2009</ref> [[Amchitka (album)|Amchitka, the 1970 concert that launched Greenpeace]] was published by Greenpeace in November 2009 on CD and is also available as an mp3 download via the Amchitka concert website. Using the money raised with the concert, the Don't Make a Wave Committee chartered a ship, the ''[[Phyllis Cormack]]'' owned and sailed by John Cormack. The ship was renamed ''Greenpeace'' for the protest after a term coined by activist Bill Darnell.<ref name=Brown-May/>  The complete crew included: Captain John Cormack (the boat's owner), [[Jim Bohlen]], Bill Darnell, [[Patrick Moore (consultant)|Patrick Moore]], Dr Lyle Thurston, Dave Birmingham, [[Terry A. Simmons]], Richard Fineberg, [[Robert Hunter (journalist)|Robert Hunter]] (journalist), [[Ben Metcalfe]] (journalist), Bob Cummings (journalist) and Bob Keziere (photographer).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/the-birth-of-greenpeace| title = CBC Archives}}</ref>

On 15 September 1971, the ship sailed towards Amchitka and faced the U.S. Coast Guard ship ''[[USCGC Confidence (WMEC-619)|Confidence]]''<ref name=Brown-May/> which forced the activists to turn back. Because of this and the increasingly bad weather the crew decided to return to Canada only to find out that the news about their journey and reported support from the crew of the ''Confidence'' had generated sympathy for their protest.<ref name="Brown-May"/> After this Greenpeace tried to navigate to the test site with other vessels, until the U.S. detonated the bomb.<ref name=Brown-May/> The nuclear test was criticized, and the U.S. decided not to continue with their test plans at Amchitka.

====Founders and founding time of Greenpeace====
{{external media
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHtn13rca_o The Early Roots of Greenpeace: Bodies On The Line] – a 1976 public broadcasting documentary provides an overview of the early founders and campaigns of the organization. ([[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], full episode)}}
Environmental historian Frank Zelko dates the formation of the "[[Don't Make a Wave Committee]]" to 1969 and, according to Jim Bohlen, the group adopted the name "Don't Make a Wave Committee" on 28 November 1969.<ref name="zelko2">{{cite web|url=http://prophet.library.ubc.ca/ojs/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1725/1770 |title=Frank Zelko: Making Greenpeace: The Development of Direct Action Environmentalism in British Columbia(PDF) |access-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412233853/http://prophet.library.ubc.ca/ojs/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1725/1770 |archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> According to the Greenpeace web site, The Don't Make a Wave Committee was established in 1970.<ref name="Greenpeace: founders"/> The certificate of incorporation of The Don't Make a Wave Committee dates the incorporation to the fifth of October, 1970.<ref name="Moore: founders"/> Researcher Vanessa Timmer dates the official incorporation to 1971.<ref name="Timmer"/> Greenpeace itself calls the protest voyage of 1971 as "the beginning".<ref name="The History of Greenpeace">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/amchitka-hunter/ |title=Greenpeace International: The History of Greenpeace |publisher=Greenpeace.org |date=14 September 2009 |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118030237/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/amchitka-hunter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Patrick Moore (consultant)|Patrick Moore]], who was an early member and has since mutually distanced himself from Greenpeace, and [[Rex Weyler]], the name of "The Don't Make a Wave Committee" was officially changed to Greenpeace Foundation in 1972.<ref name="Moore: founders"/><ref name="Weyler:chronology">{{cite web|first=Rex|last=Weyler |url=http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/greenpeace-history/chronology/ |title=Chronology, the Founding of Greenpeace |publisher=rexweyler.com |access-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215151/http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/greenpeace-history/chronology/ |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

Vanessa Timmer has referred to the early members as "an unlikely group of loosely organized protestors".<ref name="Timmer"/> Frank Zelko has commented that "unlike [[Friends of the Earth]], for example, which sprung fully formed from the forehead of [[David Brower]], Greenpeace developed in a more evolutionary manner. There was no single founder".<ref name="zelko">{{cite web |first=Rex |last=Weyler |url=http://www.utne.com/archives/WavesofCompassion.aspx?page=19 |title=Waves of Compassion. The founding of Greenpeace |page=19 |publisher=Utne.com |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222352/http://www.utne.com/archives/WavesofCompassion.aspx?page=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Greenpeace itself says on its web page that "there's a joke that in any bar in Vancouver, [[British Columbia]], you can sit down next to someone who claims to have founded Greenpeace. In fact, there was no single founder: name, idea, spirit and tactics can all be said to have separate lineages".<ref name="Greenpeace: founders">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/founders |title=Greenpeace Official page: The Founders |publisher=Greenpeace.org |date=29 October 2008 |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924150423/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/founders |url-status=live }}</ref> Patrick Moore has said that "the truth is that Greenpeace was always a work in progress, not something definitively founded like a country or a company. Therefore there are a few shades of gray about who might lay claim to being a founder of Greenpeace."<ref name="Moore: founders">{{cite web |url=http://www.beattystreetpublishing.com/who-are-the-founders-of-greenpeace-2/ |title=Patrick Moore: Who Are the Founders of Greenpeace |publisher=Beatty Street Publishing |access-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007000313/http://www.beattystreetpublishing.com/who-are-the-founders-of-greenpeace-2/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 }}</ref> Early Greenpeace director [[Rex Weyler]] says on his homepage that the insiders of Greenpeace have debated about the founders since the mid-1970s.<ref name="Weyler:founders">{{cite web|first=Rex|last=Weyler |url=http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/greenpeace-history/founders/ |title=Who were the Founders? |publisher=rexweyler.com |access-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008021156/http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/greenpeace-history/founders/ |archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The current Greenpeace web site lists the founders of The Don't Make a Wave Committee as Dorothy and Irving Stowe, Marie and Jim Bohlen, Ben and Dorothy Metcalfe, and Robert Hunter.<ref name="Greenpeace: founders"/> According to both Patrick Moore and an interview with Dorothy Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen and Robert Hunter, the founders of The Don't Make a Wave Committee were Paul Cote, Irving and Dorothy Stowe and Jim and Marie Bohlen.<ref name="Moore: founders"/><ref name="Archive.greenpeace.org">{{cite web|url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html |title=Interview by Michael Friedrich: Greenpeace Founders |publisher=Archive.greenpeace.org |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622032226/http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref>

[[Paul Watson]], founder of the [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] maintains that he also was one of the founders of The Don't Make a Wave Committee and Greenpeace.<ref name="watson:founders">{{cite web |url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html |title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society: Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson 'Disappear' |publisher=Seashepherd.org |date=15 May 2008 |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Greenpeace has stated that Watson was an influential early member, but not one of the founders of Greenpeace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/ |title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts |publisher=Greenpeace |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Watson has since accused Greenpeace of rewriting their history.<ref name="watson:founders"/>

Because Patrick Moore was among the crew of the first protest voyage, Moore also considers himself one of the founders. Greenpeace claims that although Moore was a significant early member, he was not among the founders of Greenpeace.<ref name="Archive.greenpeace.org"/><ref name="greenpeaceMoore">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/Patrick-Moore-background-information/ |title=Patrick Moore background information |publisher=Greenpeace.org |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901004225/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/Patrick-Moore-background-information/ |url-status=live }}</ref>