Editing Grand Teton National Park (section)

===Paleo-Indians and Native Americans===
[[Image:Shoshoni tipis.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Shoshone]] encampment in Wyoming in 1870, photographed by W. H. Jackson]]
Paleo-Indian presence in what is now Grand Teton National Park dates back more than 11,000 years.<ref name=crockett1>{{cite web|last=Crockett |first=Stephanie |title=The Prehistoric Peoples of Jackson Hole |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 8, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112094314/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2012 }}</ref> Jackson Hole valley climate at that time was colder and more alpine than the [[semi-arid climate]] found today, and the first humans were migratory hunter-gatherers spending summer months in Jackson Hole and wintering in the valleys west of the Teton Range. Along the shores of [[Jackson Lake (Wyoming)|Jackson Lake]], fire pits, tools, and what are thought to have been fishing weights have been discovered. One of the tools found is of a type associated with the [[Clovis culture]], and tools from this cultural period date back at least 11,500&nbsp;years. Some of the tools are made of [[obsidian]] which chemical analysis indicates came from sources near present-day [[Teton Pass]], south of Grand Teton National Park.<ref name=crockett1/> Though obsidian was also available north of Jackson Hole, virtually all the obsidian spear points found are from a source to the south, indicating that the main seasonal migratory route for the Paleo-Indian was from this direction.<ref name=crockett2>{{cite web|last=Crockett |first=Stephanie |title=The Early Archaic (8,000 to 5,000&nbsp;BCE) |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2a.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 8, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130085737/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2a.htm |archive-date=January 30, 2011 }}</ref> [[Elk]], which winter on the [[National Elk Refuge]] at the southern end of Jackson Hole and northwest  into higher altitudes during spring and summer, follow a similar migratory pattern to this day.<ref name=refuge>{{cite web|last=Smith |first=Bruce |title=Migratory Behavior of the Jackson Elk Herd |url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/ys4(3)part2.pdf |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 22, 2013 |year=1996 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123015743/http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/ys4%283%29part2.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> From 11,000 to about 500&nbsp;years ago, there is little evidence of change in the migratory patterns amongst the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] groups in the region and no evidence that indicates any permanent human settlement.<ref name=crockett2/>

When white American colonists first entered the region in the first decade of the 19th century, they encountered the eastern tribes of the Shoshone people.<ref name=crockett3>{{cite web|last=Crockett|first=Stephanie|title=Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1700 to 1850)|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2b.htm|work=A Place Called Jackson Hole|publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association|access-date=January 8, 2012|date=July 24, 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222829/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs2b.htm|archive-date=October 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Most of the Shoshone that lived in the mountain vastness of the greater Yellowstone region continued to be pedestrian while other groups of Shoshone that resided in lower elevations had limited use of horses. The mountain-dwelling Shoshone were known as "[[Sheep-eaters]]" or "''[[Tukudika]]''" as they referred to themselves, since a staple of their diet was the [[Bighorn Sheep]].<ref name=crockett3/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hurlbut|first=Brian|title=Insiders' Guide to Yellowstone & Grand Teton|publisher=Insiders' Guide|isbn=978-0-7627-6477-8|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlSIjH8IjI0C&pg=PA13|edition=8th|access-date=January 8, 2012|date=April 1, 2011}}</ref> The Shoshones continued to follow the same migratory pattern as their predecessors and have been documented as having a close spiritual relationship with the Teton Range. Several stone enclosures on some of the peaks, including on the upper slopes of Grand Teton (known simply as ''The Enclosure'') are thought to have been used by Shoshone during [[vision quest]]s.<ref name=jackson>{{cite web|last=Jackson |first=Reynold G. |title=Park of the Matterhorns |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs16.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 8, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112094218/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs16.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2012 }}</ref> The Teton and Yellowstone region Shoshone were relocated to the [[Wind River Indian Reservation]] after it was established in 1868.<ref name=crockett3/> The reservation is situated {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Jackson Hole on land that was selected by [[Washakie|Chief Washakie]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiefs|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/chiefs/rez.html|publisher=PBS|access-date=June 4, 2012|date=March 21, 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228091722/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/chiefs/rez.html|archive-date=February 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>