Editing Gorilla (section)

==Evolution and classification==
The closest relatives of gorillas are the other two [[Homininae]] genera, chimpanzees and humans, all of them having diverged from a common ancestor about 7&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Glazko |first1=G. V. |last2=Nei |first2=Masatoshi |author2-link=Masatoshi Nei |title=Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=424–434 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12644563 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msg050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Human gene sequences differ only 1.6% on average from the sequences of corresponding gorilla genes, but there is further difference in how many [[Gene copy number|copies]] each gene has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goidts |first1=V. |title=Identification of large-scale human-specific copy number differences by inter-species array comparative genomic hybridization |journal=Human Genetics |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=185–198 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16395594 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-0130-9 |last2=Armengol |first2=L. |last3=Schempp |first3=W. |display-authors=3 |last4=Conroy |first4=Jeffrey |last5=Nowak |first5=Norma |last6=Müller |first6=Stefan |last7=Cooper |first7=David N. |last8=Estivill |first8=Xavier |last9=Enard |first9=Wolfgang |s2cid=32184430}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" border="1" width="350pt"
|-
! scope=col |Phylogeny of superfamily Hominoidea<ref name=Israfil_et_al>{{Cite journal |last1=Israfil |first1=H. |last2=Zehr |first2=S. M. |last3=Mootnick |first3=A. R. |last4=Ruvolo |first4=M. |last5=Steiper |first5=M. E. |title=Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.005 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=447–455 |year=2011 |pmid=21074627 |pmc=3046308 |bibcode=2011MolPE..58..447I |url=http://www.gibboncenter.org/publications/MolecularPhylogeneticsIsrafil_etal_2011_MPE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510084118/http://www.gibboncenter.org/publications/MolecularPhylogeneticsIsrafil_etal_2011_MPE.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>{{rp |at=Fig. 4}}
|-
|
{{Clade
|label1=Hominoidea
|1={{Clade
   |1=[[gibbon]]s&nbsp;(family&nbsp;Hylobatidae)
   |2={{Clade
      |1=[[orangutan]]s&nbsp;(genus ''Pongo'')
      |2={{Clade
         |1='''gorillas&nbsp;(genus ''Gorilla'')'''
         |2={{Clade
            |1=[[human]]s&nbsp;(genus ''[[Homo]]'')
            |2=chimpanzees&nbsp;(genus ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'')
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
|}
Until recently, gorillas were considered to be a single species, with three subspecies: the western lowland gorilla, the eastern lowland gorilla and the mountain gorilla.<ref name="Groves2002">{{Cite book |first=C. |last=Groves |author-link=Colin Groves |year=2002 |chapter-url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf |chapter=A history of gorilla taxonomy |title=Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective |editor1-first=A. B. |editor1-last=Taylor |editor2-first=M. L. |editor2-last=Goldsmith |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=15–34 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001207/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fathom.com/course/21701783/ |title=Mountain gorillas of the Virungas |access-date=11 September 2008 |last1=Stewart |first1=K. J. |first2=P. |last2=Sicotte |first3=M. M. |last3=Robbins |year=2001 |publisher=Fathom / Cambridge University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921145524/http://www.fathom.com/course/21701783/ |archive-date=21 September 2008}}</ref> There is now agreement that there are two species, each with two subspecies.<ref name="Mittermeier_etal2013">{{cite book |editor1-last=Mittermeier |editor1-first=R. A. |editor1-link=Russell A. Mittermeier |editor2-first=A. B. |editor2-last=Rylands |editor3-first=D. E. |editor3-last=Wilson |editor3-link=Don E. Wilson |title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |year=2013 |isbn=978-8496553897}}</ref> More recently, a third subspecies has been claimed to exist in one of the species. The separate species and subspecies developed from a single type of gorilla during the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]], when their forest habitats shrank and became isolated from each other.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66">{{Cite book |title=Songs of the gorilla nation |last=Prince-Hughes |first=D. |author-link=Dawn Prince-Hughes |year=1987 |publisher=Harmony |isbn= 978-1400050581 |page= [https://archive.org/details/songsofgorillana00prinrich/page/66 66] |url= https://archive.org/details/songsofgorillana00prinrich/page/66}} {{bsn|date=December 2024|reason=even if the thought-provoking autobiographical memoir "Songs of the Gorilla Nation: My journey through autism" happens to support somewhere all the claims cited to it (added by [[User:Gloriamarie]] in unbroken sequence beginning [[Special:Diff/373104341]] in July 2010), we still probably need a real source for them. Also page 66 is a poem not even self-evidently about gorillas.}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2024}} [[Primatologists]] continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations.<ref name="Groves2002"/> The species and subspecies listed here are the ones upon which most scientists agree.<ref name=MSW3 /><ref name="Mittermeier_etal2013" />
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Gorilla |authority-name=[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1852 |species-count=two|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Eastern gorilla]] |binomial=G. beringei
|image=File:Male_Gorilla_(181091305).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Black gorilla
|authority-name=[[Paul Matschie|Matschie]] |authority-year=1903
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''G. b. beringei'' ([[Mountain gorilla]])
| ''G. b. graueri'' ([[Eastern lowland gorilla]])
}}
|range=Central Africa<br/>{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=162|from=Eastern gorilla range.map}} |range-image= |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|160|–|196|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long<ref name="AfricanMammals93"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNEasterngorilla"/>
|hunting=Roots, leaves, stems, and [[pith]], as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, [[gall]]s, invertebrates, and gorilla dung<ref name="ADWEasterngorilla"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=2,600
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNEasterngorilla"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Western gorilla]] |binomial=G. gorilla
|image=File:Male_gorilla_in_SF_zoo.jpg |image-size=160px |image-alt=Black gorilla
|authority-name=[[Thomas S. Savage|Savage]] |authority-year=1847 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''G. g. diehli'' ([[Cross River gorilla]])
| ''G. g. gorilla'' ([[Western lowland gorilla]])
}}
|range=Western Africa<br/>{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=162|from=Western gorilla range.map}} |range-image= |range-image-size=135px
|size={{convert|130|–|185|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long<ref name="AfricanMammals91"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNWesterngorilla"/>
|hunting=Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark<ref name="ADWWesterngorilla"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNWesterngorilla"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}
The proposed third subspecies of ''Gorilla beringei'', which has not yet received a [[trinomen]], is the Bwindi population of the mountain gorilla, sometimes called the [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park#Mountain gorillas|Bwindi gorilla]].

Some variations that distinguish the classifications of gorilla include varying density, size, hair colour, length, culture, and facial widths.<ref name="Prince-Hughes66"/> Population genetics of the lowland gorillas suggest that the western and eastern lowland populations diverged around 261 thousand years ago.<ref name="McManus et al 2015">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu394 |pmid=25534031 |pmc=4327160 |title=Inference of gorilla demographic and selective history from whole-genome sequence data |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=600–612 |year=2015 |last1=McManus |first1=K. F. |last2=Kelley |first2=J. L. |last3=Song |first3=S.
|display-authors=3|last4=Veeramah |first4=Krishna R. |last5=Woerner |first5=August E. |last6=Stevison |first6=Laurie S. |last7=Ryder |first7=Oliver A. |last8=Ape Genome Project |first8=Great |last9=Kidd |first9=Jeffrey M. |last10=Wall |first10=Jeffrey D. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |last12=Hammer |first12=Michael F.}}</ref>