Editing Gold rush (section)

==By region==
=== Australia and New Zealand ===
{{Main article|Australian gold rushes}}
[[File:Ballarat 1853-54 von guerard.jpg|thumb|[[Ballarat]]'s tent city in the summer of 1853–54, oil painting from an original sketch by [[Eugene von Guerard]]]]
Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over the second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the [[New South Wales gold rush]] and [[Victorian gold rush]] in 1851,<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Wendy Lewis]], Simon Balderstone and John Bowan | title=Events That Shaped Australia | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }}</ref> and the [[Western Australian gold rushes]] of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought many immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support the new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming.
[[File:A chart showing the great nuggets of Victoria.jpg|thumb|A chart showing the great nuggets of Victoria at [[Museums Victoria]]]]
Gold rushes happened at or around:
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Ballarat]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
*[[Bathurst, New South Wales]]
*[[Beechworth]], Victoria
*[[Bendigo]], Victoria
*[[Canoona, Queensland]]
*[[Charters Towers]], Queensland
*[[Coolgardie, Western Australia]]
*[[Gympie]], Queensland
*[[Gulgong, New South Wales]]
*[[Halls Creek, Western Australia]]
*[[Hill End, New South Wales]]
*[[Kalgoorlie]], Western Australia
*[[Queenstown, Tasmania]]
}}

In New Zealand the [[Otago gold rush]] from 1861 attracted prospectors from the [[California gold rush]] and the [[Victorian gold rush]] and many moved on to the [[West Coast gold rush]] from 1864.

===North America===

{{further information|Gold mining in the United States|Klondike Gold Rush}}
The first significant gold rush in the United States was in [[Cabarrus County, North Carolina]] (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's [[Reed's Gold Mine]].<ref name="The North Carolina Gold Rush">{{cite web|title=The North Carolina Gold Rush|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/4374|work=Tar Heel Junior Historian 45, no. 2 (Spring 2006) copyright North Carolina Museum of History.}}</ref> Thirty years later, in 1829, the [[Georgia Gold Rush]] in the southern [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]] occurred. It was followed by the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–55 in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], which captured the popular imagination. The California Gold Rush led to an influx of gold miners and newfound gold wealth, which led to California's rapid industrialization, as businesses sprung up to serve the increased population and financial and political institutions to handle the increased wealth.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Nash | first = Gerald D. | title = A Veritable Revolution: The Global Economic Significance of the California Gold Rush | journal = California History | date = 1998 | volume = 77 | issue = 4 | pages = 276–292 | doi = 10.2307/25462518 | jstor = 25462518 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462518}}</ref> One of these political institutions was statehood; the need for new laws in a sparsely-governed land led to the state's rapid entry into the Union in 1850.<ref>{{cite book | last = McPherson | first = James M. | title = Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era | year = 1988 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-503863-7}}</ref>

The gold rush in 1849 also stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, leading to further rushes in Australia, South Africa, Wales and Scotland. Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America: [[Fraser Canyon]], the [[Cariboo]] district and other parts of British Columbia, in [[Nevada]], in the [[Rocky Mountains]] in [[Colorado]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], eastern [[Oregon]], and western [[New Mexico Territory]] and along the lower [[Colorado River]]. There was a gold rush in Nova Scotia (1861–1876) which produced nearly 210,000 ounces of gold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold Rushes: The First Gold Rush |url=http://novascotiagold.ca/theme/exploitation_de_lor-mining/ruee_vers_lor_un-gold_rush_one-eng.php/ |website=Art Gallery of Nova Scotia |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130232226/http://novascotiagold.ca/theme/exploitation_de_lor-mining/ruee_vers_lor_un-gold_rush_one-eng.php/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Resurrection Creek]], near [[Hope, Alaska]] was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in the mid–1890s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halloran|first1=Jim|title=Alaska's Hope-Sunrise Mining District|journal=Prospecting and Mining Journal|date=September 2010|volume=80|issue=1|url=http://www.icmj.com/article.php?id=901|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were [[Nome Gold Rush|Nome]], [[Fairbanks]], and the [[Fortymile River]].

[[Image:Miners climb Chilkoot.jpg|thumb|Miners and prospectors ascend the [[Chilkoot Trail]] during the Klondike Gold Rush.]]

One of the last "great gold rushes" was the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the [[Yukon Territory]] (1896–99). This gold rush is featured in the novels of [[Jack London]], and [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s film ''[[The Gold Rush]]''. [[Robert William Service]] depicted in his poetries the Gold Rush, especially in the book ''[[The Trail of '98]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://robertwservice.blogspot.com/p/biographie.html|title = Biographie}}</ref> The main goldfield was along the south flank of the [[Klondike River]] near its confluence with the [[Yukon River]] near what was to become [[Dawson City]] in Yukon Territory, but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of [[Alaska]] to exploration and settlement, and promoted the discovery of other gold finds.

The most successful of the North American gold rushes was the [[Porcupine Gold Rush]] in [[Timmins, Ontario]] area. This gold rush was unique compared to others by the method of extraction of the gold. Placer mining techniques were not able to be used to access the gold in the area due to it being embedded into the [[Canadian Shield]], so larger mining operations involving significantly more expensive equipment was required. While this gold rush peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, it is still active today with over 200 million<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/mining/the-gold-exploration-surge-continues-in-timmins-5723008 | title=The gold exploration surge continues in Timmins | date=22 August 2022 }}</ref> ounces of gold having been produced from the region. The gold deposits in this area are identified as one of the largest in the world.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Turner |first1=Bob |title=Timmins: Canada's greatest goldfields! |url=https://files.ontario.ca/ndmnrf-geotours-3/ndmnrf-geotours-timmins-en-2021-12-13.pdf |work=Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey 2015 |publication-date=2015 |publisher=GeoTours Northern Ontario series |last2=Quat |first2=Marianne |last3=Debicki |first3=Ruth |last4=Thurston |first4=Phil}}</ref>

===Africa===
In South Africa, the [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]] in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of [[Johannesburg]] and tensions between the [[Boer]]s and British settlers as well as the Chinese miners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ngai |first=Mae M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1196176649 |title=The Chinese question : the gold rushes and global politics |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-393-63416-7 |edition= |location=New York|oclc=1196176649}}</ref>

South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At the time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, [[Gold cyanidation|the MacArthur-Forrest process]], of using [[potassium cyanide]] to extract gold from low-grade ore.<ref name="MicheloudCrime">{{cite web |last=Micheloud |first=François |year=2004 |url=http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Crime/Gold.htm |title=The Crime of 1873: Gold Inflation this time |work=FX Micheloud Monetary History |publisher=François Micheloud: www.micheloud.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520104428/http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Crime/Gold.htm |archive-date=2006-05-20 }}</ref>

===South America===
[[Image:Moneda Popper 5 Gramos.jpg|thumb|5-gram gold coin from [[Tierra del Fuego]] issued by [[Julius Popper]]]]
{{further information|Brazilian Gold Rush|Tierra del Fuego gold rush}}
The gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory. 

Between 1883 and 1906 [[Tierra del Fuego]] experienced a gold rush attracting many Chileans, Argentines and Europeans to the archipelago. The gold rush began in 1884 following discovery of gold during the rescue of the French steamship ''Arctique'' near [[Cape Virgenes]].<ref name=Martinic>Martinic Beros, Mateo. ''Crónica de las Tierras del Canal Beagle''. 1973. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre S.A. pp. 55–65</ref>