Editing Goitre (section)

==Causes==
Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is [[iodine deficiency]], commonly seen in countries that scarcely use [[iodized salt]]. [[Selenium deficiency]] is also considered a contributing factor. In countries that use iodized salt, [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] is the most common cause.<ref name=Kumar>{{cite book | vauthors = Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year= 2007|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th}}</ref>  Goitre can also result from [[cyanide poisoning]], which is particularly common in tropical countries where people eat the cyanide-rich [[cassava]] root as the staple food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8-c2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728092929/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8-c2.pdf |archive-date=2004-07-28 |url-status=live |title=Toxicological Profile For Cyanide |website=Atsdr.cdc.gov |access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>
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{|class="wikitable sortable"
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! Cause !! Pathophysiology !! Resultant thyroid activity !! Growth pattern !! Treatment !! Incidence and prevalence !! Prognosis
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| Iodine deficiency || [[Hyperplasia]] of thyroid to compensate for decreased efficacy || Can cause [[hypothyroidism]] || Diffuse ||Iodine|| Constitutes over 90% cases of goitre worldwide<ref name="Hoermann_2005"/> || Increased size of thyroid may be permanent if untreated for around five years
|-
| [[Congenital hypothyroidism]] || [[Inborn errors of metabolism|Inborn errors]] of [[Thyroid hormones|thyroid hormone synthesis]]||[[Hypothyroidism]] ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Goitrogen]] ingestion ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Adverse drug reaction]]s  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] || [[Autoimmune disease]] in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Infiltration of [[lymphocyte]]s. ||Hypothyroidism || Diffuse and [[lobulated]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Babademez MA, Tuncay KS, Zaim M, Acar B, Karaşen RM | title = Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroid gland anomalies | journal = The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 1807–9 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21119426 | doi = 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181f43e32 }}</ref> || [[Thyroid hormone replacement]] || Prevalence: 1 to 1.5 in a 1000 || Remission with treatment
|-
| [[Pituitary disease]] || Hypersecretion of [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], almost always by a pituitary adenoma<ref name=Weiss2009>[http://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyrotropin-tsh-secreting-pituitary-adenomas Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas.] By Roy E Weiss and Samuel Refetoff. Last literature review version 19.1: January 2011. This topic last updated: 2 July 2009</ref> ||  || Diffuse || Pituitary surgery || Very rare<ref name=Weiss2009/> ||
|-
| [[Graves' disease]]—also called Basedow syndrome || [[Autoantibodies]] (TSHR-Ab) that activate the [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|TSH]]-receptor (TSHR) || [[Hyperthyroidism]] || Diffuse || [[Antithyroid agent]]s, [[Iodine-131|radioiodine]], surgery || Will develop in about 0.5% of males and 3% of females || Remission with treatment, but still lower quality of life for 14 to 21 years after treatment, with lower mood and lower vitality, regardless of the choice of treatment<ref name="pmid16356093">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abraham-Nordling M, Törring O, Hamberger B, Lundell G, Tallstedt L, Calissendorff J, Wallin G | title = Graves' disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery | journal = Thyroid | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 1279–86 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16356093 | doi = 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1279 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thyroiditis]] || Acute or chronic [[inflammation]] || Can be hyperthyroidism initially, but progress to hypothyroidism ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Thyroid cancer]] ||  ||  || Usually uninodular ||  || || Overall relative [[5-year survival rate]] of 85% for females and 74% for males<ref name=european>Numbers from EUROCARE, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=u1aFpF-EcgwC&pg=PA10 Page 10] in: {{cite book | vauthors = Grünwald F, Biersack HJ |title=Thyroid cancer |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-540-22309-2 }}</ref>
|-
| Benign [[thyroid neoplasm]]s ||  || Usually hyperthyroidism || Usually uninodular ||  ||  || Mostly harmless<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bukvic BR, Zivaljevic VR, Sipetic SB, Diklic AD, Tausanovic KM, Paunovic IR | title = Improvement of quality of life in patients with benign goiter after surgical treatment | journal = Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | volume = 399 | issue = 6 | pages = 755–64 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25002182 | doi = 10.1007/s00423-014-1221-7 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thyroid hormone insensitivity]] ||  || Secretional hyperthyroidism, <br> Symptomatic hypothyroidism || Diffuse ||  ||  ||
|}
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Hydatidiform mole]]
* [[Cyst]]s
* [[Acromegaly]]
* [[Pendred syndrome]]