Editing Gnadenhutten, Ohio (section)

== History ==
{{See also|Gnadenhutten massacre}}
Gnadenhutten, originally Gnadenhütten, was founded in October 1772 as the second settlement of [[German Americans]] and [[Lenape]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] affiliated with the [[Moravian Church]].<ref name="ohiohistorycentral.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Gnadenhutten|title=Gnadenhutten - Ohio History Central}}</ref> Tribes of [[Christian]] [[Christian Munsee|Lenni Lenape]] people had settled at Schoenbrunn nearby, founded months earlier by missionary [[David Zeisberger]]. On July 4, 1773, a baby boy was born to the Roth family, becoming the first [[White people|white]] child known to be born in the Ohio territory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gnaden.com/?cat=4 |title=Village of Gnadenhuten » History |access-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021175932/http://www.gnaden.com/?cat=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This community, originally led by the Christian [[Mahican|Mohican]] chieftain Joshua (who died August 1 of the following year), had grown to about 200 persons by 1775.

As [[Pacifism|pacifists]], they remained neutral during the [[American Revolution]] and subsequent [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. However, the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] and their Indian [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] and [[Delaware Indian|Delaware]] allies suspected that members of the Christian Gnadenhutten, Schoenbrunn, and Salem communities had provided aid to [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American patriots]]. As a result, the British forced the Lenape tribespeople in the region to the [[Sandusky River|Upper Sandusky]] area of the Ohio territory.<ref name="ohiohistorycentral.org"/> While the British [[Prison|detained]] [[The Reverend|Rev.]] Zeisberger at [[Fort Detroit]], they allowed roughly 150 Lenape to return to their old town to gather the harvest and supplies stored there. However, Pennsylvania [[Militia (United States)|militiamen]], led by [[David Williamson (Pennsylvania soldier)|David Williamson]], following the murder of [[American pioneer|American settlers]] by other Indian tribes a few weeks earlier, came to the resettled town in March 1782, and tricked the Indians into giving up their weapons. Ninety-six innocent Lenape men, women, and children spent the night in song and prayer knowing they would be slaughtered the following morning.

[[File:GnadenhuttenMassacre1852.png|thumb|left|Illustration of the Gnadenhutten Massacre]]

On March 8, 1782, the Pennsylvanians committed the [[Gnadenhutten massacre]] and burned the approximately 60 cabins in the town. Only two boys escaped; the incident led to distrust between Native Americans and American settlers, and reprisals against [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American patriots]] in Native American custody.<ref name="traveltusc.com">{{cite web |url=http://traveltusc.com/files/gene/gnaden.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=April 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121011231/http://traveltusc.com/files/gene/gnaden.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/gnadenhutten-massacre |title=Gnadenhütten Massacre |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |date=August 21, 2018 |access-date=October 15, 2020 }}</ref>

Although [[Moravian Indian Grants|three 4,000 acre tracts]] were reserved for Indians as an "act of [[indemnity]]",<ref>[http://gettingjeffersonright.com/gnadenhuttenmassacre/ citing THE AMERICAN FAMILY OF REV OBADIAH HOLMES BY COL JT HOLMES, (Columbus, Ohio: Stoneman Press, 1915]</ref> John Ettwein petitioned Congress in 1783 and the area was then opened to [[European Americans|European American]] settlers. John Heckewelder from Pennsylvania built the first house in 1798, and Moravians remain in the town today. Few Native Americans chose to live there and they gave up title in 1823 after the Moravians had made many improvements.

Gnadenhutten was on a major wagon road crossing the [[Tuscarawas River]]. The first [[Ohio Canal]] was dug nearby in 1825-1830, providing access to markets as well as further immigrants via Cleveland. A railroad linked to the area in 1853, further improving market access and allowing industrial development. A flood in 1915 destroyed the canal, which was not rebuilt as other means of transportation had superseded it.<ref name="traveltusc.com"/>

Gnadenhutten erected a monument to the martyrs of the March 8, 1782, massacre during the centennial of its founding, and in 1963 established a museum interpreting it and other aspects of the town's history (including the results of 1970 excavations, and having rebuilt the Mission House and Cooper shop, and erected a mound containing the martyrs' graves).<ref name="traveltusc.com"/> Various Native American and First Nations people gathered at the site in 1988 to dedicate a peace tree. The State of Ohio erected a memorial marker in 2003, calling the event a "day of shame"; it had erected another historical marker shortly before the town's entrance in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6HN0_Gnadenhutten_The_Gnadenhutten_Massacre_Day_of_Shame_15_79 |title=Gnadenhutten / The Gnadenhutten Massacre "Day of Shame" #15-79 - Ohio Historical Markers on |publisher=Waymarking.com |date= |accessdate=May 3, 2022}}</ref>

The Moravians rebuilt their church in 1903 and dedicated it as a memorial to John Heckewelder. The village also has a Masonic Temple (built 1855 and rebuilt), Methodist church (built circa 1910), as well as a Church of Christ and Full Gospel Pentecostal Church on the outskirts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gnaden.com/?cat=12 |title=Village of Gnadenhuten » Churches |access-date=April 28, 2015 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021174449/http://www.gnaden.com/?cat=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its current library was erected in 1942.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}