Editing Glam rock (section)

==History==
[[Image:Marc Bolan In Concert 1973.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Marc Bolan]] of [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]] performing on ABC's ''[[In Concert (American TV series)|In Concert]]'', 1973]]
Glam rock emerged from the English [[psychedelic rock|psychedelic]] and [[art rock]] scenes of the late 1960s and can be seen as both an extension of, and a reaction against, those trends.<ref name=Shuker2005pp124-5>R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2005), {{ISBN|0-415-34770-X}}, pp. 124-5.</ref> Its origins are associated with [[Marc Bolan]], who had renamed his acoustic duo [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]] and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s.<ref name="Barnes"/> Bolan was, in the words of music critic [[Ken Barnes (writer)|Ken Barnes]], "the man who started it all".<ref name="Barnes"/> Often cited as the moment of inception is Bolan's appearance on the BBC music show ''[[Top of the Pops]]'' in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit (and first UK Number 1 hit), "[[Hot Love (T. Rex song)|Hot Love]]".<ref>Mark Paytress, ''Bolan – The Rise And Fall of a 20th Century Superstar'' ([[Omnibus Press]] 2002) {{ISBN|0-7119-9293-2}}, pp. 180–181.</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' states that Bolan's appearance on ''Top of the Pops'' "permitted a generation of teeny-boppers to begin playing with the idea of androgyny".<ref name="Independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/gary-glitter-written-out-of-glam-rock-history-in-favour-of-no-l-coward-8911627.html "Box-set billed as the definitive guide to Seventies music genre has further ostracised its disgraced former star"]. The Independent. Retrieved 15 September 2017</ref> T. Rex's 1971 album ''[[Electric Warrior]]'' received critical acclaim as a pioneering glam rock album.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/electric-warrior-mw0000196673 |title=''Electric Warrior'' – T. Rex <nowiki>| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards |</nowiki> AllMusic |last=Huey |first=Steve |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> In 1973, a few months after the release of the album ''[[Tanx]]'', Bolan captured the front cover of ''[[Melody Maker]]'' magazine with the declaration "Glam rock is dead!"<ref>{{cite news|last=Bolan|first=Marc|title=Glam Rock is Dead!|url=http://www.marcbolanmusic.com/MyImages/glam%20rock%20dead.jpg|access-date=4 January 2014|newspaper=Melody Maker|date=16 June 1973|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102232736/http://www.marcbolanmusic.com/MyImages/glam%20rock%20dead.jpg|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Noddy Holder - Slade - 1973.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noddy Holder]] (right) and [[Dave Hill (guitarist)|Dave Hill]] (left) of [[Slade]], near the height of their fame in 1973, showing some of the more extreme glam rock fashions]]
From late 1971, already a minor star, [[David Bowie]] developed his [[Ziggy Stardust (character)|Ziggy Stardust]] persona, incorporating elements of professional makeup, mime and performance into his act.<ref name="Auslander2006p72" /> Bowie, in a 1972 interview in which he noted that other artists described as glam rock were doing different work, said "I think glam rock is a lovely way to categorize me and it's even nicer to be one of the leaders of it".<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 1972 |title=David Bowie is the Newest Rock Star Imported From England |page=14 |newspaper=Nashua Telegraph |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SpwrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6441,733638&dq=glam-rock&hl=en |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> Bolan and Bowie were soon followed in the style by acts including [[Roxy Music]], [[The Sweet|Sweet]], [[Slade]], [[Mott the Hoople]], [[Mud (band)|Mud]] and [[Alvin Stardust]].<ref name=Auslander2006p72/> The popularity of glam rock in the UK was such that three glam rock bands had major [[List of UK Singles Chart Christmas number ones|UK Christmas hit singles]]; "[[Merry Xmas Everybody]]" by Slade, "[[I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday]]" by [[Wizzard]] and "[[Lonely This Christmas]]" by Mud, all of which have remained hugely popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/slade/32997 |title=UK's most popular Christmas song revealed |website=NME|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>"[https://www.prsformusic.com/press/2012/fairytale-of-new-york-most-popular-christmas-song "PRS for Music announces top 50 Christmas Songs (United Kingdom)"]. 14 December 2012 PRS press release.</ref> Glam was not only a highly successful trend in UK popular music, it became dominant in other aspects of British popular culture during the 1970s.<ref name="Auslander"/>

A heavier variant of glam rock, emphasising guitar riff centric songs, driving rhythms and live performance with audience participation, were represented by bands like [[Slade]] and [[Mott the Hoople]], with later followers such as [[Def Leppard]], [[Cheap Trick]], [[Poison (American band)|Poison]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], and [[Quiet Riot]], some of which either covered Slade compositions (such as "[[Cum On Feel the Noize]]" and "[[Mama Weer All Crazee Now]]") or composed new songs based on Slade templates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kiss Founder Gene Simmons Says Band's 'Heart and Soul Lies in England' |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/kiss-heart-and-soul-lies-in-england-says-gene-simmons/ |magazine=Ultimate Classic Rock |date=8 January 2021}}</ref> While highly successful in the single charts in the UK (Slade for example had six number one singles), very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the US; David Bowie was the major exception, becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like [[Lou Reed]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[New York Dolls]] and [[Jobriath]], often known as "glitter rock" and with a darker lyrical content than their British counterparts.<ref name=Auslander2006p80>P. Auslander, "Watch that man David Bowie: Hammersmith Odeon, London, July 3, 1973" in Ian Inglis, ed., ''Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), {{ISBN|0-472-06868-7}}, p. 80.</ref>

In the UK, the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by [[Gary Glitter]] and the independent band with whom he often performed known as the [[Glitter Band]]. The Glitter Band and Gary Glitter had between them eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1975.<ref name=Bogdanov2002Glitter>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, p. 466.</ref> A second wave of glam rock acts, including [[Suzi Quatro]], [[Roy Wood]]'s [[Wizzard]] and [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]], had hits on the British single charts in 1973 and 1974.<ref name=Auslander2006p72/><ref>{{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Lisa|title=Ladyland: Women and Rock Culture|year=2005|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|page=35}}</ref> Quatro and T.Rex directly inspired the pioneering Los Angeles based all-girl group [[the Runaways]].<ref>P. Auslander, ''Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music'' (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-4057-4}}, pp. 222-3.</ref> Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including [[Rod Stewart]], [[Elton John]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and, for a time, [[the Rolling Stones]].<ref name=Auslander2006p72/> After seeing Marc Bolan wearing [[Zandra Rhodes]]-designed outfits, [[Freddie Mercury]] enlisted Rhodes to design costumes for the next Queen tour in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blake |first1=Mark |title=Is This the Real Life?: The Untold Story of Queen |date=2010 |publisher=Aurum}}</ref> [[Punk rock]], in part a reaction to the artifice of glam rock, but using some elements of the genre, including makeup and involving cover versions of glam rock records,<ref>S. Frith and A. Goodwin, ''On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word'' (Pantheon Books, 1990), {{ISBN|0-394-56475-8}}, p. 88.</ref> helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976.<ref name="Auslander2006p80"/>