Editing Glam metal (section)

==History==
=== Predecessors ===
[[File:New York Dolls - TopPop 1973 11.png|thumb|right|[[New York Dolls]] in 1973. Their visual style influenced the look of many 1980s-era glam metal groups.]]
Music journalist [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]] claims the influences of the style can be traced back to acts like [[New York Dolls]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Kiss (band)|KISS]], [[Cheap Trick]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]],<ref name="S. Davis, 2008 p. 30">S. Davis, ''Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses'' (New York, NY: Gotham Books, 2008), {{ISBN|978-1-59240-377-6}}, p. 30.</ref>  [[The Sweet (band)|Sweet]] and to a lesser extent [[Alice Cooper]], were influences on the genre too.<ref>I. Ellis, ''Soft Skull Press'', (Soft Skull Press, 2008), {{ISBN|1593762062}}</ref>  Finnish band [[Hanoi Rocks]], heavily influenced themselves by the New York Dolls, have been credited with setting a blueprint for the look of hair metal.<ref>B. Macdonald, J. Harrington and R. Dimery, ''Albums You Must Hear Before You Die'' (London: Quintet, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7893-1371-5}}, p. 508.</ref>

[[Van Halen]] has been seen as highly influential on the movement, emerging in 1978 from the Los Angeles music scene on Sunset Strip, with a sound based around the lead guitar skills of [[Eddie Van Halen]]. He popularized a playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called [[tapping]], showcased on the song "[[Eruption (song)|Eruption]]" from the album ''[[Van Halen (album)|Van Halen]]''.{{r|Moore2009}} This sound, and lead singer [[David Lee Roth]]'s stage antics, would be highly influential on glam metal.{{r|AllmusicVanHalen}}

=== Mainstream success (1981–1991) ===

==== First wave (1981–1986) ====

[[Def Leppard]], often categorized with the [[New Wave of British heavy metal]], mixed [[glam rock]] with [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], helping to define the sound of hard rock for the 1980s decade.<ref name=Bogdanov2002DefLeppard>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp.&nbsp;293–94.</ref> In March 1980, Def Leppard released their initial album ''[[On Through the Night]]'', its first song "Rock Brigade" provided a hint of this future sound style. In July 1981, Def Leppard released their second album ''[[High 'n' Dry]]'', which contained the power ballad "[[Bringin' On the Heartbreak]]" and the instrumental "Switch 625", examples of their signature sound style prevalent in their next album ''[[Pyromania (album)|Pyromania]]''. ''High 'n' Dry'' stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for 123 weeks.<ref name="Billboard-DefLeppard"/>

Bands from across the United States began to move towards what would become the glam metal sound. In the fall of 1981, Mötley Crüe (from Los Angeles) released their first album ''[[Too Fast for Love]]'', [[Kix (band)|Kix]] (from western Maryland) released their first album ''[[Kix (album)|Kix]]'', and [[Dokken]] (from Los Angeles) released their first album ''[[Breaking the Chains (album)|Breaking the Chains]]'' in Europe (later remixed for September 1983 re-release in USA). In November 1982, [[Night Ranger]] (from San Francisco) released their initial album ''[[Dawn Patrol (album)|Dawn Patrol]]'' which reached the top 40 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Night Ranger Billboard 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/night-ranger/chart-history/tlp/|access-date=2020-12-05|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

[[File:Quietriot2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quiet Riot]] was one of the early glam metal bands to achieve mainstream success.]]

Glam Metal broke out in 1983: Def Leppard released its third album ''[[Pyromania (album)|Pyromania]]'' on January 20, and was the first glam metal album to reach top ten in the ''Billboard'' charts on March 12,<ref name="Billboard-1983-03-12">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200 for Week of March 12, 1983 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-03-12/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217220955/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-03-12/ |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> later it peaked at number two on May 14,<ref name="Billboard-1983-05-14">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200 for Week of May 14, 1983 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-05-14/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219003754/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-05-14/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> then staying in the top ten albums until it dropped to eleventh place on November 26,<ref name="Billboard-1983-11-26">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200 for Week of November 26, 1983 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-11-26/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217230137/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1983-11-26/ |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> eventually falling off the Billboard 200 chart after 123 weeks.<ref name="Billboard-DefLeppard">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200 album chart history for Def Leppard |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/def-leppard/chart-history/tlp/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219022557/https://www.billboard.com/artist/def-leppard/chart-history/tlp/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Quiet Riot]]'s ''[[Metal Health]]'' was released on March 11, then marched upwards until it reached [[List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983|number one on November 26]],<ref name="Billboard-1983-11-26"/> eventually falling off the Billboard 200 chart after 81 weeks.<ref name="Billboard-QuietRiot">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200 album chart history for Quiet Riot |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/quiet-riot/chart-history/tlp/ |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144958/https://www.billboard.com/artist/quiet-riot/chart-history/tlp/ |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The success of Def Leppard and Quiet Riot paved the way for many heavy metal acts, both glam and otherwise, as the decade progressed.<ref>E. Rivadavia, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5209|pure_url=yes}} "Quiet Riot"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 7 July 2010.</ref> That same year saw a larger wave of heavy metal albums achieve previously unheard-of commercial success. All of the following were released in September: Mötley Crüe releasing its second album ''[[Shout at the Devil]]'', Kiss releasing ''[[Lick It Up]]'', and Dokken re-released their first album ''[[Breaking the Chains (album)|Breaking the Chains]]'' in the USA.

Def Leppard's ''Pyromania'', later certified diamond by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)]], reached number two on the ''Billboard'' 200. The singles "[[Foolin']]", "[[Photograph (Def Leppard song)|Photograph]]", and "[[Rock of Ages (Def Leppard song)|Rock of Ages]]", helped by the emergence of [[MTV]], reached the Top 40.<ref name=Bogdanov2002DefLeppard/><ref>[https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Unplugged%22  "American album certifications&nbsp;– Def Leppard&nbsp;– Pyromania".] RIAA. Retrieved 17 November 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/pyromania-r5349 Pyromania: Def Leppard] ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 17 November 2011</ref> ''Pyromania''{{'}}s style was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian scene.<ref name=Smith2009/> However, remarked Leppard's [[Joe Elliott]], "I don't know how anybody could confuse us with that lot. We weren't even around when all those so-called glam bands came up. We were in fuckin' [[Wisseloord Studios|Holland]] making ''[[Hysteria (Def Leppard album)|Hysteria]]''. While they were out banging chicks or whatever, we were looking at windmills and playing pool on a table without any pockets. We were as far away from LA as any band could be."<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Ken |last= McIntyre |title= Hello America |magazine= [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] |date= December 2015 |page= 50}}</ref>

The most active glam metal scene was starting to appear in clubs on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, including The Trip, the [[Whisky a Go Go]], and the Starwood. These clubs refrained from booking punk rock bands because of fears of violence and began booking many metal bands instead, usually on a "pay to play" basis, thus creating a vibrant scene for hard rock music.<ref name=Moore2009/><ref>A. Chapman and L. Silber, ''Rock to Riches: Build Your Business the Rock & Roll Way'' (Capital Books, 2008), {{ISBN|1-933102-65-9}}, p. 151.</ref> An increasing number of metal bands were able to produce debut albums in 1984, including Ratt (from Los Angeles) with its breakthrough album ''[[Out of the Cellar]]'', Bon Jovi (from New Jersey) with its debut ''[[Bon Jovi (album)|Bon Jovi]]'', [[Great White]] with ''[[Great White (album)|Great White]]'', [[Black 'n Blue]] (from Portland, Oregon) with ''[[Black 'n Blue (album)|Black 'n Blue]]'', [[Autograph (American band)|Autograph]] with its first album ''[[Sign In Please]]'', and [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]] with its [[W.A.S.P. (album)|self-titled debut album]].

All these bands played a part in developing the overall look and sound of glam metal during the early 1980s.<ref name=Moore2009>R. Moore, ''Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis'' (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-8147-5748-0}}, pp.&nbsp;105–6.</ref> In 1985, many more commercially successful glam metal albums began to appear, including Mötley Crüe's third album ''[[Theatre of Pain]]'', Ratt's second album ''[[Invasion of Your Privacy]]'', Dokken's third album ''[[Under Lock and Key]]'', [[Stryper]]'s first release ''[[Soldiers Under Command]]'', Bon Jovi's second release ''{{proper name|[[7800° Fahrenheit]]}}'', and Autograph's second album ''[[That's the Stuff|That's The Stuff]]''. Los Angeles continued to foster the most important scene around the Sunset Strip, with groups like [[London (heavy metal band)|London]], which had originally formed as a glam rock band in the 1970s, and had seen future members of Mötley Crüe, Cinderella and Guns N' Roses pass through its ranks, finally releasing their début album ''[[Non Stop Rock]]'' in 1985 as well.<ref>D. Stone, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p513354|pure_url=yes}} "London"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref>

==== Second wave (1986–1991) ====
By the mid-late 1980s, glam metal had begun to achieve major mainstream success in America with many of these bands' music videos appearing on heavy rotation on MTV, often at the top of the channel's daily dial countdown, and some of the bands appeared on the channel's shows such as ''[[Headbangers Ball]]'', which became one of the most popular programs with over 1.3 million views a week.<ref name=Walser1993>R. Walser, ''Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 13.</ref><ref name=Marshall2001>C. Marshall, "Where do all the Videos Go?", ''Billboard'', vol. 113, No. 25 June 23, 2001, {{ISSN|0006-2510}}, p. 32.</ref> The groups also received heavy rotation on radio stations such as [[KNAC]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=Moses&Kaye1999>M. Moses and D. Kaye, "What did you do in the war daddy?", ''Billboard'', vol. 111, no. 23, 5 June 1999, {{ISSN|0006-2510}}, p. 82.</ref>

Another significant year for glam metal was 1986. [[Bon Jovi]] put out ''[[Slippery When Wet]]'' in that year, which was one of the most commercially significant releases of the era. The album mixed metal with a pop sensibility and spent a total of eight weeks atop the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] album chart, selling over 15 million copies in the United States. It became the first hard rock album to spawn three top ten singles, two of which reached number one.<ref>L. Flick, "Bon Jovi bounce back from tragedy", ''Billboard'', 28 September 2002, vol. 114, No. 39, {{ISSN|0006-2510}}, p. 81.</ref> The album has been credited with widening the audience for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade.<ref>D. Nicholls, ''The Cambridge History of American Music'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), {{ISBN|0-521-45429-8}}, p. 378.</ref>

The Swedish band Europe released the anthemic album ''[[The Final Countdown (album)|The Final Countdown]]'' which reached the top ten in several countries, including the U.S., and the album's [[The Final Countdown (song)|title single]] reached number one in 26 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Europe&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA&nbsp;– Gold & Platinum |publisher=RIAA |access-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908205333/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Europe&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |archive-date=8 September 2015  }}</ref> [[Stryper]] made their mainstream breakthrough in 1986 with the release of their platinum album ''[[To Hell with the Devil]]'' and brought Christian lyrics to their hard rock music style and glam metal looks.<ref name=Stryper>G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p2411|pure_url=yes}} "Stryper"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> Two [[Pennsylvania]] bands, with [[Harrisburg]]'s [[Poison (band)|Poison]] and [[Philadelphia]]'s [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]] released multi-platinum début albums, respectively ''[[Look What the Cat Dragged In (album)|Look What the Cat Dragged In]]'' and ''[[Night Songs (Cinderella album)|Night Songs]]'' in 1986.<ref name=AllmusicPoison>B. Weber, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5162 |pure_url=yes}} "Poison"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref><ref name=AllmusicCinderella>W. Ruhlmann, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p64591 |pure_url=yes}} "Cinderella"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> [[Van Halen]] released ''[[5150 (album)|5150]]'' their first album with [[Sammy Hagar]] on lead vocals, which was number one in the U.S. for three weeks and sold over six million copies.<ref name=AllmusicVanHalen/> Additionally, some established hard rock and heavy metal bands of the era such as [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Whitesnake]], [[Dio (band)|Dio]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Alice Cooper (band)|Alice Cooper]], [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Judas Priest]], [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]] and [[Accept (band)|Accept]] began incorporating hair metal elements into their sounds and images, as the genre's popularity skyrocketed in 1985–1986.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huey|first=Steve|title=Judas Priest – Turbo|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/turbo-mw0000190570|website=AllMusic|access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref>

[[File:DefLeppard1.JPG|thumb|left|Four Def Leppard songs were on the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/300687/def-leppard/chart |title=Def Leppard – Chart history |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>]]

Glam metal bands continued their run of commercial success in 1987 with Mötley Crüe releasing ''[[Girls, Girls, Girls (Mötley Crüe album)|Girls, Girls, Girls]]'', [[White Lion]] releasing ''[[Pride (White Lion album)|Pride]]'', and Def Leppard releasing ''[[Hysteria (Def Leppard album)|Hysteria]]'' producing a hard rock record of seven hit singles<ref name=Bogdanov2002DefLeppard/> which stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for 136 weeks.<ref name="Billboard-DefLeppard"/> Another of the greatest successes of the era was [[Guns N' Roses]], although the band themselves reject the term. Originally formed from a fusion of bands [[L.A. Guns]] and [[Hollywood Rose]], they released the best-selling debut of all time, ''[[Appetite for Destruction]]''. With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, incorporating elements of punk and blues, ''Appetite for Destruction'' produced three top 10 hits, including the number one "[[Sweet Child O' Mine]]".<ref name=AllmusicGnR>S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p4416 |pure_url=yes}} "Guns N' Roses"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> In the wake of Guns N' Roses's commercial success, other similarly rawer glam metal bands began to gain popularity like L.A. Guns and [[Faster Pussycat]]. Critics eventually termed this style '''sleaze rock''' or '''sleaze metal''' to differentiate it from the perceived increasing commerciality of other glam metal bands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Thomas |title=Music of the 1980s |date=2011 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=9780313365997 |page=52 |quote=While Poison was writing and acting in a glamorous manner to hide the seedy underbelly of the Hollywood scene, the dirtier parts of the scene were beginning to take over Poison's place in the mainstream. Guns N' Roses lacked the glam songwriting and makeup of Poison. Because of their heavier use of the blues tonality, chord progressions became more chromatic, stylistically more in the vein of the Rolling Stones and Aerosmith, and not Kiss, as Poison's songs were. The Stones were a raw band, and music was seen as polished in Hollywood earlier in the decade. This new thread of hard rock became known as sleaze rock, led by Guns N' Roses... Guns N' Roses was the best example of a complementary two-guitar sleaze hard rock band in the 1980s; other groups who emerged from the Hollywood scene during this period include Faster Pussycat and L.A. Guns, who followed a similar approach.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pattillo |first1=Alice |title=The best sleaze metal bands as chosen by Davey Suicide |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-best-sleaze-metal-bands-as-chosen-by-davey-suicide |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> Such was the dominance of the style that Californian [[hardcore punk]] band [[T.S.O.L.]] moved towards a glam metal sound in this period.<ref>B. Torreano, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p14438 |pure_url=yes}} "TSOL"] ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 7 July 2010.</ref><ref>Garry Sharpe-Young, ''New Wave of American Heavy Metal'' (New Plymouth, New Zealand: Zonda, 2005), {{ISBN|0-9582684-0-1}}, p. 302.</ref>

In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were ''[[New Jersey (album)|New Jersey]]'' (1988) by Bon Jovi<ref name=AllmusicBonJovi>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3734|pure_url=yes}} "Bon Jovi"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> and ''[[OU812]]'' (1988) by Van Halen;<ref name="AllmusicVanHalen" /> while ''[[Open Up and Say... Ahh!]]'' (1988) by Poison spawned the number one hit single "[[Every Rose Has Its Thorn]]" and eventually sold eight million copies worldwide.<ref name="AllmusicPoison" /><ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=poison|bio=true}} "Poison Artist information"], ''Billboard''. Retrieved 18 June 2012.</ref> [[Britny Fox]] from Philadelphia<ref name="AllmusicBritnyFox">J. Ulrey, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p3773 |pure_url=yes}} "Britny Fox"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> and [[Winger (band)|Winger]] from New York<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5849|pure_url=yes}} "Winger"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> released their eponymous débuts in 1988. In 1989, Mötley Crüe produced their most commercially successful album, the multi-platinum number one ''[[Dr. Feelgood (album)|Dr. Feelgood]]''.<ref name=Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp.&nbsp;767–8.</ref> In the same year eponymous débuts included [[Danger Danger]] from New York,<ref>G. Prato, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p4022 |pure_url=yes}} "Danger Danger"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> [[Dangerous Toys]] from [[Austin, Texas]], who provided more of a [[Southern rock]] tone to the genre,<ref>G. Prato, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p4022 |pure_url=yes}} "Dangerous Toys"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> [[Enuff Z'Nuff]] from [[Chicago]] who provided an element of [[psychedelia]] to their sound and visual style, and [[Tora Tora]] from [[Memphis, Tennessee]], who incorporated elements of [[blues rock]] into their music. L.A. débuts included [[Warrant (American band)|Warrant]] with ''[[Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich]]'' (1989),<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5790 |pure_url=yes}} "Warrant"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> and [[Skid Row (American band)|Skid Row]] with their [[Skid Row (Skid Row album)|eponymous album]] (1989), which reached number six in the ''Billboard'' 200, but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam metal era.<ref name=AllmusicSkidRow/>

Glam metal entered the 1990s as one of the major commercial genres of popular music, but such success would not continue for long; in 1990, débuts for [[Slaughter (band)|Slaughter]], from [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] with ''[[Stick It to Ya]]''<ref name=AllmusicSlaughter>S. Huey, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5451 |pure_url=yes}} "Slaughter"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 18 June 2010.</ref> and [[FireHouse (band)|FireHouse]], from [[North Carolina]], with their [[FireHouse (album)|eponymous]] album reached number 18 and number 21 on the Billboard 200 respectively, but it would be the peak of their commercial achievement. [[Y&T]] released their last album "Ten" before the band went on hiatus from a few years.
<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p26051 |pure_url=yes}} "Firehouse"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 6 July 2010.</ref>

=== Decline (1991–1997) ===
The 1988 film ''[[The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years]]'' captured the Los Angeles scene of successful and aspiring bands. It also highlighted the excesses of glam metal, particularly the scene in which [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]] guitarist [[Chris Holmes (musician)|Chris Holmes]] was interviewed while drinking vodka on a floating chair in a swimming pool as his mother watched. As a result, it has been seen as helping to create a backlash against the genre.<ref name="C. Mott, 2009 p. 16">E. Danville and C. Mott, ''The Official Heavy Metal Book of Lists'' (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-87930-983-0}}, p. 16.</ref><ref name="G. Hurd, 2007 p. 79">M. G. Hurd, ''Women Directors and their Films'' (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), {{ISBN|0-275-98578-4}}, p. 79.</ref> In the early 1990s glam metal's popularity rapidly declined after nearly a decade of success. Successful bands lost members that were key to their songwriting and/or live performances, such as Mötley Crue's frontman Vince Neil, Poison guitarist C.C. DeVille, Def Leppard guitarist Steve Clark and Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin. Several music writers and musicians began to deride glam metal acts as "hair farmers",<ref>{{cite news |title=I Slept With Soundgarden and Other Chilling Confessions |author= D. Thompson |work=Alternative Press |date=March 1994 |access-date=8 December 2006 |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca3/newmorning/apmar94.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/articles/spin_2-92.shtml|title=SUB ZEP?|author=Magnuson, Ann|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=February 1992|access-date=8 December 2006|author-link=Ann Magnuson|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160144/http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/articles/spin_2-92.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> hinting at the soon-to-be-popularized term "hair metal". Another reason for the decline in popularity of the style may have been the declining popularity of the [[power ballad]]. While its use, especially after a hard-rocking anthem, was initially a successful formula, in the early 1990s audiences lost interest in this approach.{{r|Pillsbury2006p45}}<ref>C. Aaron, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m-qexhnZaukC&dq=%22power+ballad%22+1980s&pg=PA86 "Don't fight the power"], ''Spin'', vol. 17, No. 11, Nov 2001, {{ISSN|0886-3032}}, p. 90.</ref>

==== The rise of alternative rock ====
By far and away the most significant factor in the decline of glam metal was the rise of [[alternative rock]] and [[grunge]] music. This included a wave of grunge bands from or around [[Seattle]], such as [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Alice in Chains]], [[Pearl Jam]] and [[Soundgarden]]. Other alternative bands such as [[R.E.M.]], [[Radiohead]], [[Stone Temple Pilots]], and [[the Smashing Pumpkins]] achieved mainstream success in the wake of glam's decline. The decline was particularly obvious after the success of both R.E.M.'s [[Out of Time (album)|''Out of Time'']] (1991) and Nirvana's ''[[Nevermind]]'' (1991), the latter of which combined elements of [[hardcore punk]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] into a dirty sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes, a stripped-down aesthetic and a complete rejection of the glam metal visual style and performance.{{r|AllmusicHairMetal}}<ref name=AllmusicGrunge>[{{AllMusic |class=explore |id=style/d2679 |pure_url=yes}} "Grunge"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 18 June 2010.</ref> The success of bands like R.E.M. and Nirvana gave rise to a more "stripped down" musical style that was more personal and vulnerable. Many major labels felt they had been caught off-guard by the surprise success of alternative music and began turning over their personnel in favor of younger staffers more versed in the new scene. Glam acts such as Guns N' Roses and Bon Jovi attempted to adjust their sound to the changing times, whereas bands like Skid Row ended up fading away into irrelevance. As MTV shifted its attention to alternative music, glam metal bands found themselves relegated increasingly to late night airplay, and ''Headbangers Ball'' was cancelled at the end of 1994,{{r|Marshall2001}} while KNAC went over to Spanish programming.{{r|Moses&Kaye1999}} Given glam metal's lack of a major format presence on radio, bands were left without a clear way to reach their audience. Other L.A. alternative rock bands like the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] and [[Jane's Addiction]] also helped supplant the popularity of the genre.<ref name=Moore2009p.117>R. Moore, ''Sells Like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis'' (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-8147-5748-0}}, p. 117.</ref>

==== Changing sound ====
Some artists tried to alter their sound, while others struggled on with their original format.{{r|AllmusicHairMetal}} In 1995, Van Halen released ''[[Balance (Van Halen album)|Balance]]'', a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with [[Sammy Hagar]] on vocals. In 1996, David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former [[Extreme (band)|Extreme]] singer [[Gary Cherone]], left the band soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album ''[[Van Halen III]]''. Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004.{{r|AllmusicVanHalen}} Welsh rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]]' 1992 debut album ''[[Generation Terrorists]]'' featured a glam metal sound.<ref name ="vanyaland">{{cite web|first= Kayley |last= Kravitz |title= Archiving Pain: Richey Edwards disappeared 20 years ago, but his genius with the Manics lives on |website= Vanyaland |date= 30 January 2015 |access-date= 14 May 2019 |url= https://vanyaland.com/2015/01/30/lyrical-preacher-richey-edwards-disappeared-20-years-ago-sunday-genius-lives/}}</ref> The album reached No. 1 in the [[UK Rock Chart]],{{sfn|Price|1999|p=79}} but failed to chart in the United States.{{sfn|Price|1999|p=92}}

Meanwhile, Guns N' Roses' classic-lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer [[Steven Adler]] was fired in 1990, guitarist [[Izzy Stradlin]] left in late 1991 after recording ''Use Your Illusion I and II'' with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer [[Axl Rose]] continued after the release of the 1993 [[punk rock]] covers album ''[["The Spaghetti Incident?"]]''. Guitarist [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] left in 1996, followed by bassist [[Duff McKagan]] in 1998. Axl Rose, the only remaining member from the classic lineup at that point, worked with several lineups of the band to record ''[[Chinese Democracy]]'' – an album that would take over ten years to complete.{{r|AllmusicGnR}}

=== Revivals (1997–present) ===
[[File:DarknessLive.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]] performing in Sydney, Australia in 2004]]
During the late 1990s and 2000s, glam metal began to have a revival. Some established acts who had managed to weather the storm enjoyed renewed popularity, others reformed and new bands emerged to emulate the glam metal style. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "[[It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)|It's My Life]]" (2000).<ref name=AllmusicBonJovi/> They branched into [[country music]] with a version of their 2005 song "[[Who Says You Can't Go Home]]", which reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006 and the rock/country album ''[[Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album)|Lost Highway]]'' which reached No. 1 in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released ''[[The Circle (Bon Jovi album)|The Circle]]'', which marked a return to their hard rock sound and reached No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name=AllmusicBonJovi/> Mötley Crüe reunited with [[Vince Neil]] to record the 1997 album ''[[Generation Swine]]''<ref name=Bogdanov2002MotleyCrue/> and Poison reunited with guitarist [[C.C. DeVille]] in 1999, producing the mostly live ''[[Power to the People (Poison album)|Power to the People]]'' (2000);<ref name=AllmusicPoison/> both bands began to tour extensively. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007).<ref name=AllmusicVanHalen>S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato,[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p133911|pure_url=yes}} "Van Halen"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> The long-awaited Guns N' Roses album ''[[Chinese Democracy]]'' was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum in the US, produced no hit singles, and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material.<ref name="Certification">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Chinese%20Democracy&artist=Guns%20N%20Roses&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Guns 'N Roses, Gold and Platinum Database Search |website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |access-date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908205333/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Chinese%20Democracy&artist=Guns%20N%20Roses&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |archive-date=8 September 2015  }}</ref> Europe's "Final Countdown" enjoyed a new lease of popularity as the millennium drew to a close and the band reformed.<ref name="BBC News Oct. 3, 2003">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3162506.stm | title=Rock group Europe plan comeback |publisher=BBC Home |date=3 October 2003}}</ref> Other acts to reform included Ratt,<ref name=AllmusicRatt>S. T. Erlewine and G. Prato, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5231|pure_url=yes}} "Ratt"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> Britny Fox,<ref name=NMEBritnyFox>[https://www.nme.com/artists/britny-fox#biography "Britny Fox"], ''NME Artists''. Retrieved 10 July 2010.</ref> Stryper (annually),<ref name=Stryper/> and Skid Row.<ref name=AllmusicSkidRow>B. Weber, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5444|pure_url=yes}} "Skid Row"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 10 July 2010.</ref>

[[File:Sebastian Bach - Youth Gone Wild.jpg|thumb|The [[Rocklahoma]] festival held in Pryor, Oklahoma in 2008]]
Beginning in 1999, ''[[Monster Ballads]]'', a series of compilation albums that feature popular power ballads, usually from the glam metal genre, capitalized on the nostalgia, with the first volume going platinum.<ref>C. Marshall, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rg8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22monster+ballads%22++Billboard&pg=PA42 "From big hair and power ballads to Polish metal, every song has its niche"], ''Billboard'', vol. 112, no. 26, 24 June 2000, {{ISSN|0006-2510}}, p. 42.</ref> The [[VH1]] sponsored [[Rock Never Stops Tour]], beginning in 1998, has seen many glam metal bands take to the stage again, including on the inaugural tour: Warrant, Slaughter, Quiet Riot, FireHouse, and L.A. Guns. Slaughter also took part in the 1999 version with Ted Nugent, Night Ranger, and Quiet Riot.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70583/80s-rock-never-stops-on-tour "'80s Rock Never Stops On Tour"], ''Billboard''. Retrieved 10 July 2010.</ref> Poison and Cinderella toured together in 2000 and 2002, and in 2005 Cinderella headlined the Rock Never Stops Tour, with support from Ratt, Quiet Riot, and FireHouse.<ref name=AllmusicCinderella/> In 2007 the four-day-long [[Rocklahoma]] festival held in [[Oklahoma]] included glam metal bands Poison, Ratt and [[Twisted Sister]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046362/hair-metal-mania-strikes-again-at-rocklahoma|title=Hair-Metal Mania Strikes Again at Rocklahoma|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=12 March 2008 |first=Mitchell|last=Peters}}</ref> Warrant and Cinderella co-headlined the festival in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc5i.com/entertainment/15554743/detail.html|title=Hair Bands Unite in Oklahoma|publisher=nbc5i.com|access-date=12 March 2008 }}</ref> Nostalgia for the genre was evidenced in the production of the glam metal themed musical ''[[Rock of Ages (musical)|Rock of Ages]]'', which ran in Los Angeles in 2006<ref>[http://www.broadwayworld.com/viewcolumn.cfm?colid=6130 "Laura Bell Bundy Stars in 'Rock of Ages' Tuner in LA Jan 26&nbsp;– Feb 18"], BroadwayWorld.com, 30 November 2005.</ref> and in New York in 2008.<ref>W. McBride, [http://broadwayworld.com/article/Photo_Coverage_ROCK_OF_AGES_Meets_the_Press_20000101 "Photo Coverage: 'ROCK OF AGES' Meets the Press"], BroadwayWorld.com, 4 March 2009.</ref> It was made into a film released in 2012.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1336608/ "Rock of Ages"], Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref>

[[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]]'s ''[[Permission to Land]]'' (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam",<ref name="Allmusicpermissiontoland">H. Phares, [{{AllMusic |class=album |id=r653401 |pure_url=yes}} "The Darkness: Permission to Land"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</ref> topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. ''[[One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back]]'' (2005) reached number 11. The band broke up in 2006, but reunited in 2011, releasing the album ''[[Hot Cakes]]'' the following year.

In the mid-to late 2000s, there was a minor sleaze rock revival with groups like [[Hinder]] and [[Buckcherry]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Diltz |first1=Henry |title=Heard Any Good Rock-Star Stories Lately? |date=Jun 2007 |page=59 |quote=Hinder, Buckcherry, and Avenged Sevenfold are working hard to conjure the spirit of Sunset Strip sleaze.}}</ref> The latter's breakthrough album ''[[15 (Buckcherry album)|15]]'' (2006) went platinum in the U.S. and spawned the single "[[Sorry (Buckcherry song)|Sorry]]" (2007), which made the top 10 of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>J. Ankeny, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p366452 |pure_url=yes}} "Buckcherry"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> Additionally, a subset of [[scene (subculture)|scene]] bands embraced elements of glam metal. This began with [[Blessed by a Broken Heart]] and subsequently popularised by the success of [[Black Veil Brides]], [[Escape the Fate]] and [[Falling in Reverse]].<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Ethan |title=From Hardcore to Harajuku: the Origins of Scene Subculture |url=https://www.popmatters.com/scene-subculture-origins-hardcore-harajuku |website=[[PopMatters]] |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525180042/https://www.popmatters.com/scene-subculture-origins-hardcore-harajuku |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Avenged Sevenfold]]'s 2005 album ''[[City of Evil]]'' also promoted a similar influence, seeing the band depart from their [[metalcore]] sound in favour of one indebted to glam metal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Stephen |title=Every Avenged Sevenfold album ranked from worst to best |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/every-avenged-sevenfold-album-ranked-from-worst-to-best |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> At the same time, in Sweden there was a sleaze metal movement attempting to revive the genre, with bands including [[Vains of Jenna]],<ref name=AllmusicVainsofJenna>M. Brown, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p847945 |pure_url=yes}} "Vains of Jenna"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref> [[Crashdïet]]<ref name="AllmusicCrashdïet">K. Ross Hoffman, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p748845 |pure_url=yes}} "Crashdïet"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</ref> and [[H.E.A.T (band)|H.E.A.T]],<ref name="Heat">A. Eremenko, [{{AllMusic |class=album |id=r40286 |pure_url=yes}} "H.E.A.T."], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</ref> as well as the [[Finland|Finnish]] bands [[Reckless Love]] and [[Santa Cruz (band)|Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/strippers-tattoos-and-glam-rock-how-helsinki-is-the-sunset-strip-of-europe/|title=Groupies, Tattoos, and Glam-Rock: How Helsinki is the Sunset Strip of Europe |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

Los Angeles band [[Steel Panther]] managed to gain a following by playing 1980s style glam metal.<ref name=AllmusicSteelPanther>M. Brown, [{{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p1123733 |pure_url=yes}} "Steel Panther"], ''AllMusic''. Retrieved 19 June 2010.</ref>