Editing Glagolitic script (section)

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:Bascanska ploca.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Baška tablet]], found in the 19th century on [[Krk]], conventionally dated to about 1100<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fučić |first=Branko |language=hr |title=Najstariji glagoljski natpisi |trans-title=Oldest Glagolitic Inscriptions |journal=Slovo |volume=21 |pages=227–254 |date=21 September 1971 }}</ref>]]

[[File:ZographensisColour.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of Mark from the 10th–11th century ''[[Codex Zographensis]]'', found in the [[Zograf Monastery]] in 1843]]

[[File:ZografskiyKodeks.png|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of John from the ''Codex Zographensis'']]

[[File:Angelo Rocca Glagolitic Alphabet.jpg|right|200px|thumb|In a book printed in 1591, [[Angelo Rocca]] attributed the Glagolitic script to Saint Jerome.]]

[[File:Omišalj Baptismal Register.png|right|200px|thumb|The final Glagolitic entry in the [[Omišalj]] parish's baptismal register, by the cleric Nicholas in 1817]]

The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]], who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity.<ref>Alan Timberlake, ''A Reference Grammar of Russian'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic p. 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105430/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic |date=2021-04-14 }}</ref><ref name=Florin>Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019144609/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC |date=2017-10-19 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125</ref><ref>Simon Franklin, ''Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300,'' Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."</ref><ref>Henri-Jean Martin, ''The History and Power of Writing,'' University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40</ref><ref>Jean W. Sedlar,[https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''], University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144</ref> It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] specifically (the Byzantine [[Thessalonica (theme)|theme of Thessalonica]]).<ref name="Florin"/><ref name=Cubberley>Paul Cubberley (1996) [http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf "The Slavic Alphabets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029130713/http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf |date=2012-10-29 }}. In {{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 347] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 }}</ref>
The words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/glagolitic/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The number of letters in the original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as [[typographic ligature|ligatures]] added in the 12th century under the influence of [[Cyrillic]], as Glagolitic lost its dominance.<ref name=Cubberley/> In later centuries, the number of letters dropped dramatically, to fewer than 30 in modern Croatian and Czech recensions of the Church Slavic language. Twenty-four of the 41 original Glagolitic letters (see table below) probably derive from graphemes of the medieval cursive [[Greek minuscule|Greek small alphabet]] but have been given an [[ornament (art)|ornamental]] design.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters ''sha'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱎ}}, ''tsi'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}, and ''cherv'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱍ}} were taken from the letters ''[[Shin (letter)|shin]]'' ש and ''[[tsadi]]'' צ of the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and that {{Script|Glag|Ⰶ}} ''zhivete'' derives from [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] ''janja'' Ϫ.<ref name=Cubberley/>{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} However, Cubberley<ref name=Cubberley/> suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]. Several other scripts have been proposed as such single prototypes of the Glagolitic alphabet. A different set of hypotheses assumes that Cyril designed the letters from scratch on the basis of a common principle. Most notably, [[Georg Tschernochvostoff]] argued that all the Glagolitic letters were constructed from the [[Christian symbolism|Christian symbols]] [[cross]], [[Circle#Symbolism and religious use|circle]] and [[Trinity#Artistic depictions|triangle]].<ref>Tschernochvostoff, Georg. 1995. Zum Ursprung der Glagolica. ''Studia Slavica Finlandensia'' 12. 141–150.</ref> A widely accepted example of deliberate construction are the [[symmetry|symmetric]] letters ''i'' {{Script|Glag|ⰻ}} and ''slovo'' {{Script|Glag|ⱄ}}, which together form the abbreviation {{Script|Glag|ⰻ︦ⱄ}} of the [[Nomina sacra|nomen sacrum]] {{Script|Glag|ⰻⱄⱆⱄⱏ}} ''Isusъ'' ‘Jesus’, but a general design principle like in the [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian syllabics]] could not be proven. A plausible hypothesis is that “Cyril freely invented the Glagolitic letters, sometimes being inspired by theological ideas […] and sometimes using associations with other scripts he knew”.<ref>[[Daniel Bunčić|Bunčić, Daniel]]. 2024. Scripts. In [[Danko Šipka|Šipka, Danko]] & [[Wayles Browne|Browne, Wayles]] (eds.), ''The Cambridge Handbook of Slavic linguistics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ([[DOI: 10.1017/9781108973021]]), 675–696, here: 678.</ref>

For writing numbers, the [[Glagolitic numerals]] use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from [[Cyrillic numerals]], which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see [[Greek numerals]]).<ref name="Chrisomalis2010">{{cite book|last=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|access-date=2016-12-28|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-139-48533-3|pages=178–182|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two brothers from [[Thessaloniki]], who were later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, were sent to [[Great Moravia]] in 862 by the [[Byzantine emperor]] at the request of Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav]], who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on [[East Francia|East Frankish]] priests. The Glagolitic alphabet, however it originated, was used between 863 and 885 for government and religious documents and books and at the Great Moravian Academy (''Veľkomoravské učilište'') founded by the missionaries, where their followers were educated. The [[Kiev Missal]], found in the 19th century in Jerusalem, was dated to the 10th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In 885, [[Pope Stephen V]] issued a [[papal bull]] to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, [[Svatopluk I]], following the interests of the [[Frankish Empire]] and its clergy, persecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoned and expelled them from [[Great Moravia]].<ref name="binns">{{cite book | last=Binns | first=J. | title=An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-521-66738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA151 | access-date=2024-08-16 | page=151}}</ref>

In 886, an East Frankish bishop of [[Nitra]] named [[Wiching]] banned the script and jailed 200 followers of Methodius, mostly students of the original academy. They were then dispersed or, according to some sources, sold as slaves by the Franks. However, many of them, including Saints [[Naum of Preslav|Naum]], [[Clement of Ohrid|Clement]], [[Saint Angelar|Angelar]], [[Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)|Sava]] and [[Saint Gorazd|Gorazd]], reached the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] and were commissioned by [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in the [[Slavic language]]. After the [[Christianization of Bulgaria|adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria]] in 865, religious ceremonies and [[Divine Liturgy]] were conducted in [[Greek language|Greek]] by clergy sent from the [[Byzantine Empire]], using the [[Byzantine rite]]. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the introduction of the Slavic alphabet and language into church use as a way to preserve the independence of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] from Byzantine [[Constantinople]]. As a result of Boris' measures, two academies, one in [[Ohrid Literary School|Ohrid]] and one in [[Preslav Literary School|Preslav]], were founded.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

===Spread of the script===

From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two [[equal-to-apostles|apostles]] who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, notably [[Clement of Ohrid]] and [[Saint Naum]], brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] on Balkans and were received and accepted officially by [[Boris I of Bulgaria]]. This led to the establishment of the two literary schools: the [[Preslav Literary School]] and the [[Ohrid Literary School]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA43|title=Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe|isbn=9780631220398|last1=Price|first1=Glanville|date=2000-05-18|publisher=Wiley |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232152/https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA51|title=The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity|isbn=9781444333619|last1=Parry|first1=Ken|date=2010-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523201649/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNlKqyNC7EC&pg=PA58|title=Interaction and Isolation in Late Byzantine Culture|isbn=9781850439448|last1=Rosenqvist|first1=Jan Olof|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523201646/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNlKqyNC7EC&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Some went to [[Croatia]] ([[Dalmatia]]), where the squared variant arose and where Glagolitic remained in use for a long time. In 1248, [[Pope Innocent IV]] granted the Croatians of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the [[Roman Rite]] liturgy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crkva u Hrvatskoj |url=http://www.benedictines-cib.org/meetings/2009Croatia/Jozo_Crkva_u_Hrvatskojna_hrv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104055331/http://www.benedictines-cib.org/meetings/2009Croatia/Jozo_Crkva_u_Hrvatskojna_hrv.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> Formally granted to bishop Philip of [[Senj]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kraft Soić |first1=Vanda |title=OTPIS INOCENTA IV. SENJSKOM BISKUPU (1248.) POD PATRONATOM SV. JERONIMA I. Senjski privilegij iz godine 1248 |journal=Croatica Christiana Periodica |date=2016 |volume=40 |issue=77 |pages=1–23 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=242853 |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524213326/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=242853 |url-status=live }}</ref> permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy (the [[Roman Rite]] conducted in the [[Slavic language]] instead of [[Latin]], not the [[Byzantine rite]]), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the [[Adriatic]] coast. The [[Holy See]] had several Glagolitic [[missal]]s published in Rome. Authorization for the use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.<ref>"The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..." [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm ''Dalmatia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171834/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04606b.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; "In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..." [http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html ''The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810032902/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/japun.html |date=2007-08-10 }}, Marko Japundzić.</ref> In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the [[Slavic language]] in the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] continued, until replaced by modern vernacular languages.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius – [[Saint Naum]], one of the founders of the [[Pliska Literary School]] (commonly known as the Preslav Literary School, where the Bulgarian capital, along with the school, was transferred to in 893) – is often credited, at least by supporters of [[Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts|glagolitic precedence]], for the "creation" or wider adoption of the [[Cyrillic script]],<ref>The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, {{ISBN|0810876027}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=dDi24Fac-rwC&pg=PA91 p. 91.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412030902/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDi24Fac-rwC&pg=PA91 |date=2021-04-12 }}</ref> which almost entirely replaced Glagolitic during the [[Middle Ages]]. The Cyrillic alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet used at that time, with some additional letters for sounds peculiar to Slavic languages (like ⟨ш⟩, ⟨ц⟩, ⟨ч⟩, ⟨ъ⟩, ⟨ь⟩, ⟨ѣ⟩), likely derived from the Glagolitic alphabet.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p7n2umogAhgC&pg=PA100 ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church''], J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|0191614882}}, p. 100.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=PR1 ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250''], Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, pp. 221–222.</ref> The decision by a great assembly of notables summoned by Boris in the year 893 in favor of Cyrillic created an alphabetical difference between the two literary centres of the Bulgarian state in Pliska and Ohrid. In the western part the Glagolitic alphabet remained dominant at first. However, subsequently in the next two centuries, mostly after the fall of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], Glagolitic gradually ceased to be used there at all.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |first=Jean W. |last=Sedlar |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=146 |access-date=2013-05-01 |isbn=9780295972916 |year=1994 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154328/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, particular passages or words written with the Glagolitic alphabet appeared in Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts till the end of the 14th century.<ref>Велчева, Б. Късната българска глаголица. Кирило-Методиевски студии, кн. 12, София, 1999, 87–152.</ref> Some students of the Ohrid academy went to [[Bohemia]] where the alphabet was used in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with other scripts. It is not clear whether the Glagolitic alphabet was used in the [[Jaxa of Köpenick|Duchy of Kopnik]] before the [[Wendish Crusade]], but it was certainly used in [[Kievan Rus']]. Another use of Glagolitic is presumed in now southern Poland ([[Duchy of Vistula]]/[[White Croats]] state) and the [[Ruthenian Transcarpathia|Transcarpathia]] region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA146 |title=The Making of Central and Eastern Europe|first=Francis |last=Dvornik  |year=1994 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780875690230 }}</ref>

===Survival and use in Croatia===

In Croatia, from the 12th century, Glagolitic inscriptions appeared mostly in littoral areas: [[Istria]], Primorje, [[Kvarner]], and Kvarner islands, notably [[Krk]], [[Cres]], and [[Lošinj]]; in Dalmatia, on the islands of Zadar, but there were also findings in inner [[Lika]] and [[Krbava]], reaching to [[Kupa]] river, and even as far as [[Međimurje]] and [[Slovenia]].
''[[Hrvoje's Missal]]'' from 1404 was illuminated in [[Split (city)|Split]], and it is considered one of the most beautiful Croatian Glagolitic books. The 1483 ''[[Missale Romanum Glagolitice]]'' was the first printed Croatian Glagolitic book.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the [[Orljava]] river in [[Slavonia]] totally changed the picture (churches in [[Brodski Drenovac]], [[Lovčić]], and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://www.sbtv.hr/Vijesti/2007%20vijesti/04%202007%20travanj/SB_INFO_2007-01%2003.htm ''"Glagoljaška baština u Slavonskom Kobašu"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614011227/https://www.sbtv.hr/Vijesti/2007%20vijesti/04%202007%20travanj/SB_INFO_2007-01%2003.htm |date=2007-06-14 }}, ''Slavonskobrodska televizija'', News from February 25, 2007.</ref>

Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatian lands alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] area in the 14th century through the [[Emmaus Monastery|Emmaus Benedictine Monastery]] in [[Prague]], where it survived well into the 15th century, the last manuscript with Glagolitic script dating to 1450–1452.<ref name="Pacnerova 2008">{{cite journal |first=Ludmila |last=Pacnerova |title=Staročeské literární památky a charvátská hranatá hlaholice |language=cs |trans-title=Old Czech Literary Monuments and Croatian Angular Glagolitic |journal=Slovo |doi=10.31745/s |issn=0583-6255 |date=2008 |location=Zagreb |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/35204}}</ref><ref name="Šmahel 2016">{{cite book |first=František |last=Šmahel |title=Alma mater Pragensis. Studie k počátkům Univerzity Karlovy. |language=cs |isbn=978-80-246-3203-2 |location=Prague |date=2016}}</ref> Its use for special applications continued in some Cyrillic areas, for example in the Bologna Psalter (1230–1241), the Sinodalna 895 Menaion (1260), the RPK 312 Gospel (13th), the Karakallou Epistolary (13th), the NBKM 933 Triodion (13th), the Skopje 1511 Octoechos (13th), the BRAN 4.9.39 Miscellany (13th), the Hilandar Chrysorrhoas (13th/14th), the Mazurin 1698 Pandects (13th/14th), the Sofia Psalter (1337), the SANU 55 Epistolary (1366–1367), the RNB F.п.I.2 Psalter (14th), the Čajniče Gospel (late 14th), the Radosav Miscellany (1444–1461), the Prague NM IX.F.38 Psalter (18th) and in the initials of many manuscripts of the Prophets with Commentary dating to the late 15th and early 16th centuries from [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]]. Most later use in the Cyrillic world was for cryptographic purposes, such as in the Krushedol Miscellany (15th), the RNB F.п.I.48 Prologue (1456), the Piskarev 59 Isaac (1472), the Shchukin 511 Miscellany (1511) and the Hludov Gospel (17th/18th).<ref name="Miltenov 2009">{{cite journal |last=Miltenov |first=Yavor |date=2009 |title=Кирилски ръкописи с глаголически вписвания (Част пръва) |trans-title=Cyrillic Manuscripts with Glagolitic portions |language=bg |journal=Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch |volume=55 |pages=191–219 |location=Wien |publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/7160023/WSJ_2009_2010_LAST.pdf}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties: the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being used in both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the [[Croatian-Ottoman wars]] corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the [[Chakavian]] dialect at the time, in addition to some adjacent [[Kajkavian]] regions within the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb bishopric]]. As a result, vernacular impact on the liturgical language and script largely stems from Chakavian sub-dialects, although South Chakavian speakers mostly used Cyrillic, with Glagolitic only in certain parishes as a high liturgical script until a Glagolitic seminary was opened in Split in the 18th century, aside from a period of time in the parish of Kučiće-Vinišće.<ref name="Kovačić 2010">{{cite journal |first=Slavko |last=Kovačić |title=Knjiga Оpćena, matica crikvena – stara matična knjiga župe Kučiće-Vinišće, djelo župnika glagoljaša |journal=Slovo |doi=10.31745/s |issn=0583-6255 |number=60 |date=2010 |pages=477–504 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/98555}}</ref>

===Decline in Croatia===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Bishoprics by size of 16th century Glagolitic inscriptional corpus (in letters).
|label1 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč|Poreč]]
|value1 = 22.4
|color1 = sandybrown
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trieste|Trieste]]
|value2 = 19.9
|color2 = coral
|label3 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pula|Pula]]
|value3 = 18.9
|color3 = salmon
|label4 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk|Krk]]
|value4 = 14.9
|color4 = powderblue
|label5 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pedena|Pićan]]
|value5 = 6.0
|color5 = lightCoral
|label6 = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar|Zadar]]
|value6 = 5.4
|color6 = skyblue
|label7 = {{ill|Diocese of Modruš|lt=Novi|hr|Krbavska biskupija}}
|value7 = 5.0
|color7 = cornflowerblue
|other = yes
|other-color = silver
|other-label = Other, including [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gospić-Senj|Senj]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Koper|Koper]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Novigrad|Novigrad]], {{ill|Roman Catholic Diocese of Otočac|lt=Otočac|hr|Otočačka biskupija}}, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Osor|Osor]], [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bosnia|Đakovo]], [[Diocese of Nin|Nin]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino|Assisi]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Knin|Cazin]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Arbe|Rab]]. See [[List of Glagolitic inscriptions (16th century)|list]].
}}

The [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman Empire's repeated incursions]] into Croatia in the 15th and 16th centuries posed the first major existential threat to the script's survival. The Counter-Reformation, alongside other factors, led to the suppression of Glagolitic in Istria in the 16th–17th centuries as well as in the Zagreb archdiocese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strohal |first=Rudolf |date=1915 |title=Hrvatska glagolska knjiga |trans-title=Croatian Glagolitic Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXg4AAAAYAAJ |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Merkur |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152402/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXg4AAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Latinisation of the coastal cities and islands took much longer, where the script continued to be used by the notaries of Krk into the first decade of the 19th century,<ref name="Štefanić 1960">{{cite book |last=Štefanić |first=Vjekoslav |date=1960 |title=Glagoljski rukopisi otoka Krka |trans-title=Glagolitic Manuscripts of the Island of Krk |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts}}</ref> with education by rural chapters on that island ensuring the survival of the script until well after their abolition by the Napoleon administration in the second decade of the 19th century.<ref name="Bolonić 1976">{{cite journal |first=Mihovil |last=Bolonić |title=Ekonomsko-socijalno stanje krčkih glagoljaša |pages=478–503 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/34961 |journal=Bogoslovska smotra |volume=46 |issue=4 |date=1976}}</ref> [[Novitiates]] continued to be educated primarily in the Glagolitic script as late as the third decade of the 19th century. But without centres of education, Latin script and Italian rapidly took over, so that very little was written in the script after the third quarter of the 19th century except for ceremonial purposes, and soon very few could read the cursive script apart from a few scholars.<ref name="Kero 2015">{{cite book |last=Kero |first=Pavao |date=2015 |title=ⰒⰑⰒⰋⰔ ⰃⰎⰀⰃⰑⰎⰌⰔⰍⰋⰘ ⰍⰑⰄⰅⰍⰔⰀ ⰈⰀⰄⰀⰓⰔⰍⰅ ⰐⰀⰄⰁⰋⰔⰍⰖⰒⰋⰌⰅ |language=cu |edition=2nd |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-331-073-2}}</ref>

Because knowledge of Glagolitic became rare even in academia, most efforts surrounding Glagolitic manuscripts in the [[late modern period]] focused on transliteration. For example, an ongoing project run by the ''Centre for Research in Glagolitism'' of the [[University of Zadar]] uses [[crowdsourcing]] to speed up the pace of transliterating cursive Glagolitic manuscripts.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2021-11-01 |first1=Marijana |last1=Tomić |first2=Laura |last2=Grzunov |first3=Martina |last3=Dragija Ivanović |title=Crowdsourcing transcription of historical manuscripts: Citizen science as a force of revealing historical evidence from Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/EFI-211555 |doi=10.3233/EFI-211555 |journal=Education for Information |eissn=1875-8649 |volume=37 |issue=4}}</ref>

===Academic debates===
{{main|Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts}}

The exact nature of relationship between the Glagolitic alphabet and the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], their order of development, and influence on each other has been a matter of great study, controversy, and dispute in [[Slavic studies]] since the 19th century.